摘要:

A number of studies have reported that physically fit individuals have more slow wave sleep (SWS) than unfit individuals on nights following non‐exercise days. However these studies have failed to control for residual exercise effects from previous days. The present study was designed to replicate the original finding and to determine if the reported difference was due to a chronic fitness effect or to a residual exercise effect. In addition the fitness effect was tested in an older population than had previously been tested. The design consisted of two levels of fitness, two age groups (22–0 and 31–8 years of age) and 3 measurements occasions, the first following afternoon exercise and the second and third following 2 and 4 days of exercise deprivation for fit subjects and 3 non‐exercise days for unfit subjects. The conditions were arranged in a 2×2×3 design. The results indicated a significant effect of physical fitness on SWS in the younger age group but not the older. As there was no immediate effect of exercise, the elevation of SWS in the younger fit group appears to represent a chronic difference between young fit and unfit populations. The results have implications for the nature of restorative processes occurring dur

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208257806

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three experiments are reported which examined the effect of post‐conditioning exposures to an unconditioned drug stimulus (US) upon the strength of the aversion maintained by a conditioned taste stimuli (CS). In Experiment 1, drug exposures appeared to have attenuated a weak almond CS's aversion but did not affect a strong saccharine CS's aversion as assessed in a choice test. In Experiment 2, when a less potent drug US was employed and the assessment was in a single bottle test, the drug exposures attenuated the strength of the saccharine CS. In Experiment 3, the control exerted by the saccharine CS was again reduced by post‐conditioning exposures to the drug US although this control did not track schedule increases and decreases in the potency of that US. The results provided some support for the view that multiple properties of the drug US were learned about, including that the drug event was signalled by the taste CS. The results, therefore, did not support the claim that the contents of taste aversions were different from those set up in other learning paradi

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208257807

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The objective of this study was to investigate the relation between perceived crowding, density, and job satisfaction for a sample of 195 public service employees. Contrary to predictions and previous findings, it was found that crowding was unrelated to satisfaction with work itself, coworkers, supervision, and pay. Employees in less dense sections reported higher satisfaction with work itself than those in denser sections. These results were found using multiple regression and statistically controlling for skill‐utilization, influence, variety, pressure, age, education, tenure, and income. There was a small negative association between crowding and satisfaction with promotion opportunities. However, analyses of this association using two stage least‐squares procedures did not identify any causal relationships between crowding and promotion satisfaction. The results were similar for both males and females, although crowding accounted for more of the variance in job satisfaction for females than for males. The strongest predictor of job satisfaction was skill‐utilization which accounted for up to 42% of the variance whereas crowding accounted for less than 6% of the variance. The results were interpreted in terms of the task demands of clerical jobs which, being routine and simple, were relatively unaffected by changes in crowding and density. The importance of the task as a moderator of the crowding‐satisfaction relationship was briefly di

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208257808

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The work and leisure activities of 1383 employed persons were described using five task attributes — influence, variety, pressure, skill—utilization and interaction, in order to test three theories of work and leisure—compensation, generalization and segmentation. There were significant occupational differences on the work attributes, but there were few occupational differences on the leisure attributes. Also there were few significant correlations between the attributes of people's work and leisure activities. These results tend to support the segmentalist theory of work and leisure. While there were no strong relationships between work and leisure attributes for the total sample there were occupational differences in work/leisure relationships. High status occupations showed significant decreases in attributes such as influence, variety and skill‐utilization from work to leisure, while low status occupations showed non‐significant increases from work to leisure.Females generally had lower levels of the work attributes in comparison to males. They also showed stronger patterns of compensation, especially on the dimensions of influence and variety. It was concluded that the understanding of work/leisure relationships would be enhanced by studying how persons develop different workfleisure patterns rather than postulating universal compensation/generalization p

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208257809

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study attempts to resolve the discrepancies between recent factor analytic studies of the Bern Sex‐Role Inventory (BSRI). It examines the factor structure of the BSRI as a function of sample type (male students, female students, non‐student male, non‐student female) and method of analysis (orthogonal versus oblique rotation). Using the maximum likelihood method with an orthogonal (varimax) rotation, few differences were found among the four samples and hence a combined solution reporting the loadings for the first five factors is presented. Variations among the four separate samples are also discussed. The first two factors were found generally to correspond to the masculinity and feminity scales of the BSRI with the next three being labelled Sex, Independence and Negativity respectively. An oblique rotation in the total sample confirmed this basic structure and also supported Bem's conception of masculinity and femininity as separate independent dimensions. It is clear, however, that a refinement of the BSRI is necessary and one such possibility is sugg

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208257810

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This report describes the development of a concise scale to assess attitudes toward institutional authorities. The Scale is shown to be highly reliable upon cross‐validation, using 100 Australian and 100 British tertiary students. The generality of the Scale is demonstrated through significant inter‐correlations between the Scale's four sub‐scales, which assess attitudes toward different institutional authorities. Predicted differences between student supporters of “conservative” and left‐wing political parties in Australia and Britain provide validity. Further validity is given through comparisons of prison officers, probation officers, persons “on bond” and prisoners. In addition, the Scale and each of the sub‐scales are shown to be significantly correlated with a questionnaire measure of “conservatism”. The nature and purpose of the Scale are differentiated from those of existing measures of authoritaria

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208257811

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Wilson conservatism scale has been criticized for its inclusion of poor items. Analysis of responses to a revised version of the scale by 50 subjects in terms of a Rasch‐type logistic model confirmed the criticism. Nevertheless, the scale was sufficiently consistent to give a high reliability coefficient; and moderate correlations with Budner's intolerance of ambiguity (r= 44) and with preference for visual complexity (r = −.52) were fo

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208257812

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

English‐speaking subjects were directed to refer a given sentence, consisting of a prepositional phrase (Before/After …) and an assertion focus (There is …), to one of a pair of figures, each of which depicted a circle and a square. In one figure, the circle was larger than the square, and in the other, the circle was smaller than the square. The singular nominal in the prepositional phrase was explicitly contrasted with the nominal in the assertional focus through the use of the definite article (the) and the indefinite article (a), resulting in sentences of the type “Before the circle, there is a square”. The use of such sentence types, together with unambiguous article forms, resulted in there being no preference for either figure type. The results of the present study question those obtained by Costermans and Hupet (1977) and Johnson‐Laird (1968a, 1968b) and their interpretations concerning the relative importance of entities i

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208257813

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208257814

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two cornerstones of humanistic psychology, its phenomenology and its doctrine of self‐determinism, are incoherent when analysed conceptually. Humanism's denial that humankind can be the object of natural sciences means that its explanatory apparatus must resort to occult forces such as “self‐actualization”. It will never be able to give more than a romantic and sentimental account of humanity. In a social context humanistic psychology is part of the popular retreat of the past two or so decades from objectivity; other parts of this retreat, include the more obvious and less respectable beliefs in the paranormal, magic, prophecy and as

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208257815

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY