摘要:

AbstractVarious forms of the probe‐stimuls (PS) technique were used in four experiments in attempts to develop reliable measures of signal‐elicited fear by demonstrating significant facilitatory or inhibitory group effects of fear on the test response (TR). A voiced TR in Exp. I (n=20) yielded a significant inhibitory effect, with slower TR in the presence than absence of fear; a more conventional button‐press TR in Exp. II (n=17) yielded no effect; within‐Ss TR variability was significantly reduced in Exp. III (n=19) by an incentive instructional manipulation, but the button‐press TR still yielded no effect due to fear. In Exp. IV (n=23), a lever‐up‐press TR was interfered with by having Ss initially trained with a lever‐down‐press TR until the 15th of the 20‐trial PS series; the lever‐down‐press TR showed no facilitation, but the lever‐up‐press TR yielded a reliable inhibitory effect. Discussed were the limitations of this inhibited lever‐press TR as an independent measure of fear when the aversiveness of signalled shocks is compared

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537208255812

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOrder of presenting neutral versus highly belief‐discrepant (magical child‐care or deviant sexual practices) information on evaluations of a stimulus person was studied in 570 college students. As hypothesized, neutral preceding belief‐discrepant content created much greater rejection than did the reverses sequence. When the vivid sexual and child‐care messages were themselves paired, order of presentation had negligible immediate effect upon social perception. The recency effects for neutral plus deviant messages were generally maintained after four weeks delay, but an unanticipated primacy effect was found when both deviant (child‐care and sex) messages were presented. Information aimed at fostering cultural relativism reduced delayed rejection to a significant but numerically small extent. The data suggested that stimulus vividness affects social perception, and that future research needs to explicate the relative contributions of vividness and valence to impression

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537208255813

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractForty‐five adults and 15 children were tested first for after‐images of images and then for after‐images of real stimuli. Eight different coloured stimuli were used and observations made enabled a check on reliability. Real stimuli typically produced negative after‐images in most subjects; but only half the subjects could project images of the stimuli, only one third reported after‐images of those images, and of those images only seven percent were negative. After‐images of images were found to have a longer latency and a shorter duration than do after‐images of real stimuli. Thus qualitatively and quantitatively after‐images of images differ from after‐images of real stimuli. These findings are related to individual differences in general viv

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537208255814

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRats housed under group and isolation conditions were exposed in the open‐field alone, in naive pairs, paired with a familiar object, paired with an older animal. For both housing conditions a decrease in emotionality was observed only under exposure with the older animal. Exploratory behaviour was not affected. On retest after 35 days no differences were found between exposure conditions but observed differences between housing conditions did hold between test and retest. It was concluded that the major variable in decreased emotionality during paired‐exposure, relates to the experience of the co‐exposed S and requires only minimal previous co

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537208255815

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA study was conducted using the adaptation technique to investigate sensitivity to “stress” and “non‐stress” auditory stimuli. The “stress” stimulus was defined as a stimulus previously paired with electric shock, and rate of recovery from auditory adaptation taken as the index of sensitivity. The results indicate that recovery is significantly faster for “stress” stimuli than for “non‐stress” stimuli, and provide evidence favouring the perceptual s

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537208255816

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMale and female students from the two senior years in eight State schools and eleven Independent schools ranked sets of values from the Rokeach Value Survey first in order of importance for themselves (own values) then in the order they thought their schools would emphasize them (school values). Analyses of similarity indices showed that own values were more similar to school values in the Independent schools than in the State schools. Results of a factor analysis indicated basic similarities across schools in the way students ordered their own values and also in the way they ordered the school values. These two orders, however, were sufficiently different to imply basic disparities in the value systems of students attending secondary schools and the perceived value systems of these schools.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537208255817

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeven tests of spatial abilities were administered to 163 first year engineering students at the University of Melbourne. Academic selection (quota) scores and criterion measures in the form of final exam marks and scores on other work in engineering drawing were also obtained. A factor analysis of these measures yielded three main factors: I Academic performance, II Visualization and manipulation of images, and III Scanning and pathfinding. The results suggest that although visualization is not used in current selection procedures, it is an important factor in academic success in first year engineering.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537208255818

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe psychophysical hysteresis effect (Stevens, 1957) was examined in judgments of lifted weights by two groups of 20 Ss in an attempt to determine the relative functional significance of the two standards employed in the task. It was concluded that the effect is determined primarily by the characteristics of the standard presented first on each trial and that expermental manipulations which increase the saliency of this stimulus increase the magnitude of the effect. Psychopysical hysteresis may accordingly be regarded as an example of the operation of a general tendency to underestimate the magnitude of the difference between a standard and comparison stimulus.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537208255819

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo matched groups of subnormal Ss (IQ 40‐60) were trained to associate pictures with unfamiliar printed words. The pictures used for Group A were less affective than those used for Group B (degree of affect was determined by the Ss' own preferences). Correct recognition was later tested by the presentation of the printed words without pictures. Group B was significantly more successful than Group A. It was suggested that an increase in the affective connotation of verbal stimuli facilitates correct recognition of those stimuli for Ss of the 40‐60 IQ ra

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537208255820

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe induction of “experimental neurosis” in the albino rat was studied within the framework of response suppression and generalization, emphasis being placed on obtaining ratio‐scale data. Response suppression which generalized to a situation previously associated only with positive reinforcement was induced by random responsecontigent punishment and conditioned response suppression paradigms. Experimental animals recovered responding after prolonged exposure to the experimental situation and after severe deprivation. Chronicity and recovery differed as a function of induction m

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537208255821

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY