摘要:

A sample of 133 employees from a large oil company was used to investigate the theory that job satisfacion is a function of the discrepancy between what a person wants from a job and what the person gets from the job. Five job attributes—skill‐utilization, influence, variety, pressure, and interaction—were used. The hypothesis that the discrepancy between the desired and perceived levels of the job attributes would be a better predictor of job satisfaction, if weighted by the importance of the job attribute, received only slight support. Attempts to overcome methodological problems associated with previous tests of the hypothesis also had little effect on the ability to predict job satisfaction. Overall, the best predictor of job satisfaction was the perceived level of the job attributes, especially skill‐utilization. The subjective ratings of the importance of job attributes were found to differ from an empirical determination of importance. The results suggest a need to further investigate work values and to reconsider their relationship to job satis

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108258730

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Earlier publications (O'Brien, Biglan,&Penna, 1972; O'Brien&Harary, 1977) defined the potential participation of an individual in a group in terms of the number of connections from the individual to the task system. In order to have an index of potential participation which gives comparable values across groups and organizations varying in size, it is necessary to provide a formula which gives the maximum possible participation value for an individual in a group with a fixed number of persons, positions and tasks. The present paper derives a number of formulae using the notation of structural role theory (Oeser&Harary, 1962, 1964). Different formulae are associated with restrictions in the properties of informal relationships, as well as the length of sequences in the interpersonal and task graphs. The relationship between the indices of potential participation and sociometric indices is discussed briefly.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108258731

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated the relationship between culture contact and national sentiment in the unique social setting of a newly independent nation. The study tested the hypothesis that for a group of Australian expatriate students at a multi‐racial school in Papua New Guinea there would be a positive relationship between number of years of residence in Papua New Guinea and positive attitudes towards national independence. A sample of 75 Australian expatriate students answered a questionnaire that included attitude items, Cantril's ladder measures, and various measures relating to social interaction, social distance, and perceived similarity. Results supported the hypothesis and in general they were consistent with its underlying assumptions, although it was noted that a selective migration interpretation of the findings was also possibl

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108258732

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The discrepancy theory of leader effectiveness (O'Brien&Harary, 1977) was tested with 20 three‐person groups. Each group leader was pre‐selected on the basis of scores on the FIRO‐B scales which measured control and participation (inclusion) needs. Half the leaders selected had high control and low participation needs and the other half had low control and high participation needs. Matched and discrepant group structures were imposed by using two structures which provided either high control and low participation opportunities or low control and high participation opportunities. The effects of leader style and group structure were tested using a 2 × 2 factorial design with rated productivity on production and discussion tasks being the dependent measure. Group structure had a significant effect upon group productivity, but the results showed no significant interactions between leader style and group structure. Group structure accounted for approximately 41% of variance in group productivity, whereas the style × structure interaction accounted for approximately 1%. There were no significant effects upon satisfaction with the task or co‐workers. Discussion of the results concludes with a recommendation that theories of leadership become embedded within structural theories of group pro

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108258733

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The development of two 50‐item parallel forms of an Australian sex‐role scale is described. A total of 2,427 subjects rated 512 adjectives in terms of their desirability for Australian males and females, the degree to which they are expected in Australian males and females, and their self‐applicability. These ratings were used to construct the two scales — Personal Description Questionnaire Forms A and B. Each scale comprises 10 masculine positive, 10 masculine negative, 10 feminine positive, 10 feminine negative, and 10 social desirability items. The new scales were administered to 282 (144 male, 138 female) high‐school students for self‐description, and the various psychometric characteristics of the scales and norms for these samples are presented. It is recommended that Australian sex‐role researchers use these new scales in preference to past scales based on American college students. As with any new scales there is a need for further normative data to be gathered and a variety of validation studies to

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108258734

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A longitudinal study of school leavers in South Australia was conducted with a sample of 652. School leavers (in their last year of school) were given a questionnaire which measured their desired level of skill‐utilization, influence and variety in a job. One year later they were retested. Of the total sample, 386 were employed, 65 unemployed and 201 engaged in further education. It was predicted that employed and unemployed subjects would show lower work values while those in further education would show increases in work values. Those subjects who continued as students did show an expected increase in their desire for skill‐utilization, influence and variety. Contrary to expectations, there was no significant change in the work values of those unemployed. Those in employment showed a significant increase in their desire for skill‐utilization but no change in desired influence and variety. Results did not support the value adaptation model of Herzberg, Mausner, Peterson,&Capwell (1957), even though there was a significant discrepancy between experienced job attributes and the work values of those in employment. The possible consequences for social adjustment of continued discrepancies between work values and existing job structures (underemployment) is briefly disc

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108258735

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The framework for the three experiments reported here was the recent revision of the depth of processing idea advanced by Lockhart, Craik, and Jacoby (1976) which argued for hierarchically organized domains of processing proceeding from shallower physical domains to deeper semantic domains. While there is experimental support for this notion across domains (Seamon&Virostek, 1978) the present study examined whether there is a hierarchy of processing within the single semantic domain. In a preliminary scaling study (Experiment 1) paired comparison judgements were used to develop a depth‐ordered scale for nine semantic processing activities. These ranged from judging whether a word was living or nonliving, to providing a definition, to indicating how two unrelated words are similar. In each of the three subsequent experiments independent groups of subjects were given an unexpected recall test for lists of 24 unrelated words after engaging in one of the scale‐ordered tasks that required them to generate their own encodings. The experiments differed primarily in the level of stimulus meaningfulness of the to‐be‐remembered words. Experiment 2 used very low meaningfulness materials, Experiment 3 medium “m” stimuli and Experiment 4 high “m” stimuli. Presentation rates were varied in accordance with the processing demands of the tasks. Overall recall level for the tasks matched very well with the scaled depth of the nine tasks with good evidence for a continuum of semantic processing. This is particularly true in Experiment 3 where stimuli were of medium “m” but also true of other conditions of high “m” (Experiment 4) and generally true with low “m” stimuli (Experiment 2). While these experiments suggest that recall does appear to be a function of the depth of processing within the semantic domain, recall might also be a function of meaningfulness of the material, i.e. “m” and depth probably interact with one another. The overall results are interpreted within the framework of Craik and Jacoby's (1975) two‐proc

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108258736

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It has been suggested that associations between interoceptive cues and illness differ from associations between both interoceptive and exteroceptive cues and shock, in that the former but not the latter survive when the cue is presented in an environment different from that in which conditioning occurred. However, it is arguable that due to design factors the transferability of exteroceptive and interoceptive cue‐shock associations has been tested during extinction, which may have masked the initial presence of avoidance, while interoceptive cue‐illness associations have been tested before extinction could begin. The present experiments tested the transferability of flavour‐shock and exteroceptive cue‐shock associations under conditions in which extinction would not mask an initial presence of avoidance, and obtained transferability in bot

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108258737

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The retention interval hypothesis has been shown to account for both superior and equal forward associations in paired‐associate learning under the study‐test method vis‐a‐vis the anticipation method, on the basis of short‐term memory processes occurring during the retention interval. Since the basic relative temporal relationships between the two learning methods remain essentially the same when backward associations are considered, the hypothesis should predict either superior or equal performances for the study‐test method when compared with the anticipation method. To test these theoretical expectations, backward associations were compared under both item presentation methods using three different lists in three experiments. Significantly superior backward associations resulted under the study‐test method as compared with the anticipation method in Experiments 1 and 2, where learning was intermediately difficult. However, performance differences between the two methods in backward associations were nonsignificant in Experiment 3, where learning was quite difficult. Both results with backward associations, similar to comparisons with forward associations, are in agreement with the predictions derived from the retention interv

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108258738

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two races of the parrotBarnardius zonarius, one inhabiting a semiarid area of Western Australia and the other living in the temperate southwest of the state, were tested for resistance to extinction after FRIO key peck training for food reinforcement. Birds from the semiarid region were more resistant to extinction. The result was attributed to a partial reinforcement effect due to the less abundant and less predictable food supply in the semiarid environment.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108258739

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY