ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308258744

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is argued that the concepts of individual differences and personality are an indispensable part of any scientific psychology, by virtue of the fact that stimulus‐response sequences are inevitably mediated by an organism the structure of which, partly determined genetically and partly by its reinforcement history, critically affects the sequence. Theories in this field, to be useful, must be linked with the theories and findings of experimental psychology, and reflect advances in conceptualization and thinking there. Personality theories are both descriptive and causal, and it is argued that without the causal element descriptive patterns, usually arrived at by correlational and factor analytic methods, possess an element of subjectivity which is so strong as to make any definitive statements impossible. It is further argued that such a paradigm, embracing both descriptive and causal factors, is already in existence, and is capable of integrating well with many different areas of experimental psycholog

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308258745

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A theory of temperament is presented which draws upon the tradition of neo‐Pavlovian typology of the nervous system. Special attention is paid to temperament as one of the regulators of the relationship between humanity and environment, when the environment is treated as a source of stimulation. The main focus is upon temperamental characteristics associated with behaviour at the energetics level. This comprises two dimensions: reactivity and activity. A theoretical analysis of the two traits is conducted and their relationship with human behaviour is elaborated. A number of studies are discussed, illustrating the role of reactivity as one of the regulators of the individual's style of action and as a partner in the determination of preferences for situations and for behaviours of a given stimulatory potential. Finally, the paper provides a number of data exemplifying essential relations between temperament and personality. The interdependencies between both these phenomena are discussed in the light of the assumption that temperament should be regarded as a consequence of biological evolution and personality as a product of the social environmen

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308258746

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Developments in neo‐Pavlovian temperament theory and research during the past two decades are reviewed. Two major research orientations can be distinguished in this field. The first, and historically the older, has centred round a search for operational definitions and measures of parameters of reflexive behaviours, both conditional and unconditional, which collectively describe dimensions of variation in higher nervous activity in human beings. Ten primary, and five secondary properties are described, together with associated measurement techniques, and correlated individual differences in performance in a variety of situations and tasks. Evidence for the heritability of these properties is also surveyed. The second, and more recent trend, has drawn on evoked electroencephalographic data to support a model describing general temperament features of activity and emotionality, mediated, respectively, by activation of fronto‐reticular and fronto‐limbic cortical connections. By contrast with the highly specific and reflexive influences of nervous system properties on behaviour, activity and emotionality contribute to style of self‐regulation of voluntary, effortful behaviour across a broad range of contexts. It is suggested that future developments in this field will concentrate increasingly on brain‐behaviour relationships in such volunta

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308258747

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A model of extraversion is presented which attempts to allow for the amalgamation of Eysenck's views on extraversion with neo‐Pavlovian theories which continue to develop Pavlovs conception of temperament. Experimental tests of the new model are outlined. It is concluded that, despite the problems involved in attempting to unify the several theories in their fullest forms, it is worth continuing with the mode

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308258748

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A number of critics have suggested that the psychophysiology of individual differences suffers from a poor quality of research endeavour. We examine the assumptions underlying biological approaches to individual differences and show how these assumptions, if properly interpreted, can lead to valuable research. Much of the existing research is confounded by a variety of errors including poor development of theory, inadequate psychometrics, weak physiological measurement, limited experimentation and an over‐interpretation of empirical findings. We suggest that the research can alter direction by investing in process oriented studies backed by multivariate parametric and programmatic research. Illustrative examples are offered of good and bad practice. However, we are forced to conclude that at this stage of development, there are few bodies of coherent data which may be described with any confidence. Because both psychophysiology and individual differences sample physiological, behavioural and experiential domains, a variety of logical and technical problems make research in this field extremely difficult. It may be that the psychophysiology of individual differences awaits the creation of general theories of behaviour before it can reach its true apotheosi

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308258749

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twenty‐three adult and nine junior cross‐cultural studies of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) are reviewed. Male and female subjects from 26 different countries were invited to complete translated versions of the EPQ. The data were analysed to give factor comparisons to indicate the degree of resemblance of each country studied to the British groups. Some item substitutions were carried out in accordance with loadings (from factor analyses) and item content. Scoring keys were constructed and resulting reliabilities (alpha coefficients) were calculated. Finally, the method of cross‐cultural comparison of norms is disc

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308258750

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A number of experiments using the lexical decision task have found a repetition effect; when the same words are presented more than once as experimental stimuli, recognition latencies are shorter on the later presentations of those words than they otherwise would have been (Forbach, Stanners,&Hochhaus, 1974; Scarborough, Cortese,&Scarborough, 1977; Scarborough, Gerard,&Cortese, 1979). This effect has been interpreted as automatic (“without mediation by subjects' expectations”, Scarborough et al., 1979) and due simply to recency. An experiment was performed in which one group of subjects, the Repetition group, were presented with some word stimuli twice; another group, the Recency group, were exposed to the same words twice, but only on the second occasion as experimental stimuli; and a Control group saw each word once only, this being as an experimental stimulus. It was found that, while the repetition effect reported in previous experiments was confirmed, there was no evidence of facilitation for the Recency group. It is concluded that the repetition effect is not due to simple recency, but depends on subjects becoming aware of repetitions, and hence adopting some strategy to speed the recognition of repeated wo

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308258751

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pen angles, tilt of writing page, head tilt, slant of writing, mirror writing, laterality quotients and familial sinistrality of inverted and noninverted lefthanded writers were measured. Subjects also performed two motor tests. Reliable differences were found only in terms of the pen angles and the tilt of the writing page, measures that define the groups in the first place. It was concluded that technical aspects of writing from the left to the right with the left hand and environmental pressures are important factors in the genesis of the inverted writing position in the lefthander.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308258752

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One hundred and six children in Grades 1, 2, and 3 (Cohort 1) and 120 children in Grades 3, 4, and 5 (Cohort 2) were tested in an overlapping longitudinal design which examined children's television viewing and its correlates during three successive years (1979‐1981). The children were tested in a study that was part of a cross cultural investigation of TV viewing and its effects in six different countries. Measures were taken of sex‐typed behaviour, fantasy activity, judged realism, identification with TV characters, and peer‐rated aggression in multiple testing sessions conducted by a team of trained investigators. Age trends were reported for the two cohorts and data were examined especially for the relationships found between violence viewing and intensity of TV viewing and aggressive behaviour. The study showed consistent sex differences among the variables being investigated, especially for the older cohort and it was for boys especially that significant relationships were observed between the two TV viewing variables and aggressive behaviour. There was no indication, however, that the connection over time was causally l

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308258753

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY