ISSN:0961-0405    

DOI:10.1002/eet.3320040602

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPeople all over the world are concerned about the state of the environment, confused as to whom to believe, disenchanted with governmental attempts at all levels to deal with the problems of pollution and ecological degradation. In many instances the public's view is shared by industrial leaders, the financial community, the media and, significantly, both national and European parliaments. Yet the general public's impression is that the environment is yesterday's issue. However, recent survey evidence indicates that this is far from the truth. The environment is a deeply felt value in an increasing number of people's lives. Building on the work of Maslow and Inglehart, this paper examines British and European opinion on the environment, and in so doing establishes measures of green activism which may be used to indicate likely future patterns of behaviour.

ISSN:0961-0405    

DOI:10.1002/eet.3320040603

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the brief transition to a market economy, Poland has experienced rapid growth in the number of private automobiles that has contributed to increasing mobile source emissions and urban congestion. Current projections indicate that the number of vehicles per capita will be comparable to many countries in Western Europe by 2010. Poland has recently adopted a number of measures to address simultaneously mobile source pollution and harmonise with the environmental directives of the European Union. Key measures adopted to date include reductions in the lead content of leaded fuels, incentives for greater use of unleaded fuel, reductions in sulphur content of fuels and requirements for catalytic converters to begin in 1995. Additional measures such as higher fuel and vehicle taxes and policies to limit vehicle access in city centres will be needed in the next decade.

ISSN:0961-0405    

DOI:10.1002/eet.3320040604

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the long run the coexistence of a sufficient standard of living and a balanced environment will be determined to a large extent by the possibility of decoupling economic development from increased environmental pollution. The most effective method of environmental protection is obviously to fight pollution at source through the application of intelligent or clean technologies and/or holistic approaches to design, production and recycling. In the Federal Republic of Germany the development of environmental technology is a task of prime public interest. As part of a wider programme of environmental protection state support is seen as particularly necessary in areas where market forces alone are not sufficient to trigger or accelerate the development of more sophisticated clean technologies. This paper examines these support mechanisms and presents two case studies where support for technology development has facilitated improvements in both economic and environmental performance.

ISSN:0961-0405    

DOI:10.1002/eet.3320040605

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the 1980s the Swedish tax system was in severe trouble. With large segments of the population paying 80% marginal tax rates it became a priority issue for government to reduce tax levels on income but without incurring too large a budget deficit. In this context and as part of a general tax reform (the main focus of which was to reduce marginal taxes and broaden the tax base) environmental taxes had a special chance of gaining acceptance and taxes on energy and transport were increased heavily around 1991. The following year industry succeeded in repealing a number of the increased taxes on energy. This reform was however, financed by further increasing the energy taxes for the household and transport sectors. This increase was designed so as to safeguard the competitivity of Swedish industry without reducing energy tax revenues.Generally it appears that the energy tax and the carbon tax are successful as revenue raisers while their environmental effect will only be seen in the long run (and furthermore only if other countries follow suit since the environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect are truly global in character). On the other hand such taxes as on sulphur and the tax differentiation on leaded fuel, as well as the tax differentiation between different qualities of diesel and fuel oil, have been very successful in an environmental sense, but have ‐ for the same reason ‐ not given any substantial revenue contributions. The differentiation between industrial and other consumers has had at least one unfortunate side‐effect: that of creating a considerable disparity between industrial and other consumers' prices for some energy carriers. This type of price wedge always creates undesirable incentives for tax ev

ISSN:0961-0405    

DOI:10.1002/eet.3320040606

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0961-0405    

DOI:10.1002/eet.3320040607

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0961-0405    

DOI:10.1002/eet.3320040608

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0961-0405    

DOI:10.1002/eet.3320040601

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY