摘要:

Two studies were conducted to determine whether performance ratings are more heavily influenced by raters' perceptions of the ratee's ‘heroism’—that is consistent behaviour in the face of failure—or by raters' perceptions of the ratee's level of success. Effects of ratee gender were also investigated. Neither a student sample (n=179) nor a management sample (n=127) provided evidence in support of a heroism effect; the effects of strategy (consistent or experimenting) and timing of success or failure (immediate or delayed) were relatively small. Success and failure had the strongest and most consistent effects on performance ratings. These results supported the proposition that raters' perceptions of a ratee's performance—level of success—are the primary determinants of ratings, and that ‘heroic’ perseverance in the face of failure does not result in

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1986.tb00215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The accuracy and reliability of SDyestimates (the standard deviation of job performance in Dollars) derived using the method introduced by Schmidtet al. (1979) was investigated using estimates for the position of medical insurance claim approver. As a test of accuracy, the resulting estimates of SDyand Dollar values of performance at the 15th, 50th, and 85th percentiles were compared to more objective values of these parameters based on job information. Although the estimates of SDywere significantly lower than the actual SDyvalue, the estimates of the Dollar value of performance at all three percentiles were not significantly different from the actual values. The inter‐rater reliability of the Schmidtel al. method was investigated within the context of generalizability theory and was found to be relatively low (p̂2=0·56), as was the stability of SDyestimates over a six‐month period (r=

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1986.tb00216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Applicant sex, applicant physical attractiveness, type of rater (120 students and 105 professional employment interviewers) and the type of job were manipulated experimentally in a 2 times 2 × 2 times 2 design. Physical attractiveness of job candidates had the broadest influence on employment decisions. There was no main effect for applicant sex, but professional interviewers were biased in favour of female applicants while student raters were not. Also, as expected, professional interviewers rated job applicants less leniently than students did

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1986.tb00217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reports findings from a project which evaluated two forms of individual psychotherapy for 40 managerial/professional workers seeking help for clinically severe job‐related distress. In order to throw light upon the paradox suggested by previous research that psychotherapeutic techniques differ in their content but are quite similar in outcome, these clients suffering from clinical levels of psychiatric symptoms, received eight sessions of Prescriptive (cognitive/behavioural) and eight sessions of Exploratory (relationship‐oriented) therapy in a crossover design, with each client seeing the same therapist throughout. At three‐month follow‐up results showed a reduction in distress to within the normal range in three‐quarters of clients. Results favoured Prescriptive therapy for reduction of overall symptoms, but showed no difference between therapies for the relief of job‐related problems. It is argued that treating individuals suffering from acknowledged distress is perhaps a more useful way of approaching stress management than the preventive group work for non‐stressed subjects usually reported. In addition the paper considers the types of job‐related problems presented by clien

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1986.tb00218.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of employment and unemployment were investigated in a longitudinal study involving large samples of school‐leavers from State high schools in metropolitan Adelaide. The study was also designed to control for possible testing and societal effects. A wide range of variables was investigated that included measures of self‐concept (perceived competence, positive attitude, depressive affect, power, activity, and anger), values (desired skill‐utilization, variety, influence, employment value, and Protestant work ethic), affect (stress symptoms, life satisfaction, unemployment disappointment), job need, job expectancy, external locus of control, unemployment attributions, academic potential, and social class. Results showed that unemployment led to decreases in perceived competence, activity, and life satisfaction and increases in depressive affect. Unemployment also led to an increased tendency to blame youth unemployment on factors relating to economic recession and a decreased tendency to blame it on lack of motivation on the part of the unemployed; employment had the reverse effect on these unemployment attributions. Some differences between the subsequently employed and unemployed were also present when they were at school. Sex differences were obtained on a number of vari

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1986.tb00219.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Social support has generally been found to have a positive effect on health outcomes. Recently, however, it has been suggested that the existence of these benefits is dependent on the source of support and the gender of the individual receiving the support. Specifically, it has been argued that employed males benefit from work‐based sources of support while employed females rely on family or non‐work sources. The present study tests this proposition while controlling for variables which may be confounded with gender in the workforce. Several health and satisfaction variables are investigated. The relationship between gender and amount of social support from various sources is also explored. Findings suggest (a) that social support does have various beneficial effects on health outcomes, (b) that gender has little bearing on the amount of support received, and (c) there are few gender differences in the effects of social support on health. Those differences that were found were in the opposite direction of what was expec

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1986.tb00220.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Unemployment—Its Social Psychological Effects. By PETER KELVIN&JOANNA E. JARRETT.Employee Selection. By CHRISTOPHER LEWIS.Self‐organised Learning: Foundation of a Conversational Science for Psychology. By L. F. THOMAS&E. s. HARRI‐AUGSTEIN.Work, Unemployment and the New Technology. By C. GILL.A Bibliography of British Industrial Relations 1971 1979. By G. s. BAIN&J. D. BENNETT.The Humanist Temper: The Life and Work of Elton Mayo. By RICHARD c. s. TRAHAIR.Performance Appraisal and Career Development. By c. FLETCHER&R. WILLIAMS.Whatever it Takes: Decision Makers at Work. By MORGAN W. McCALL JR&ROBERT E. K

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1986.tb00221.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY