摘要:

It is proposed that cross‐cultural studies of leadership style have failed to distinguish adequately between global characterizations of style and the specific behaviours which leaders need to use in a given culture if a particular style is to be attributed to them. A study is reported of perceptions of electronics plant supervisors in Britain, the USA, Japan and Hong Kong, derived from Misumi's PM leadership theory. The findings indicate that characterizations of P(Performance) and M(Maintenance) leader style have a similar factor structure in each culture. However, the specific behaviours associated with those styles differ markedly, in ways which are comprehensible within the cultural norms of each setting. The study illustrates how a series of emic correlations within each culture sample may be used to test the validity of etic models of leader styl

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00481.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined teacher stress over a school year. A total of 142 teachers made repeated assessments (12 in all) of the stress indicators by answering questionnaires during the school year of 1983–1984. Longitudinal quasi‐simplex models and modifications of these were constructed for the analysis of the structural features of the teacher stress process over a school year. By using these models all the stress data could be analysed at the same time in a statistically efficient way. According to the constructed models, teacher stress was a stable process during terms, which meant that the variance in latent stress in the measurements was well explained by the previous measurement. The Christmas holidays, however, upset the stability of the stress process between terms. In spite of this stability of the covariance structure there were changes in the means and levels of latent stress. During the autumn term the stress level increased and weekend recovery from stress stopped towards the end of the term. During the spring term, weekend recovery continued throughout the t

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00482.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Occupational correlates of Type A behaviour were examined in a sample of 432 men and women employed in managerial and professional roles in a government service. Type A behaviour was, as expected, related to some aspects of the job profile and to occupational level as a whole. However, the relationship between Type A behaviour and occupational level was itself related to self‐imposed time commitments to the job. The data indicate, therefore, that Type A individuals achieve occupational status at least partly because they are willing to devote discretionary time to their employment. The implications of this for further epidemiological study of coronary heart disease risk are discusse

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00483.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Concepts and methods of psychophysics were adapted to a study of the relationship between the size of a pay increase and the subjective impressions it creates. Management personnel (n= 109) were asked to assign cognitive labels to an ordered series of pay increases, and estimates of just meaningful differences (JMD) in pay were made for subjects grouped according to level of current salary. Contrary to predictions derived from Weber's Law, the JMD was a decreasing percentage of current pay. Regression analyses revealed that current salary, perceived equity of current salary and, in one instance, expectations regarding future promotions accounted for a significant portion of the individual differences in the size of the JMD. The use of the JMD as an index reflecting psychological sensitivity to changes in income is discussed.

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00484.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The so‐called ‘lottery question’, asking, ‘Would you stop or continue working if there were no economic reasons to carry on working?’ was utilized to evaluate non‐financial employment commitment. Results of a representative sample of the labour force in seven countries (n= 8763) showed that between 68.8 per cent (in Great Britain) and 93.4 per cent (in Japan) of the workers indicated a desire to conti

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00485.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study concerns the development of a technology of synthetic validity derived from a structured job analysis technique (the Position Analysis Questionnaire) and its related attribute bank. Attribute profiles are generated on three alternative bases for a sample of seven jobs. The resultant sets of profiles are assessed in terms of their reliability. The validities of the alternative approaches are assessed in terms of the accuracy of indications in relation to the actual mean scores of job incumbents on related aptitude tests. One approach is shown to offer significantly higher levels of reliability and validity, and is discussed as a basis for synthetic validation and validity generalization.

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00486.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous predominantly cross‐sectional research on antecedents and outcomes of career decidedness has been voluminous but inconclusive. A longitudinal study with two cohorts of undergraduates and recent graduates (n= 124 andn= 157) is described. Using aspects of psychological well‐being as dependent variables, the study demonstrates how research design can be improved and empirically examines the value of these improvements. Decidedness and well‐being were significantly related especially around graduation, when sustaining a decision led to high levels of well‐being. Explanations for the results and the implications of this study for the design of future research on career decidedness are e

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00487.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The business incomes of 102 owner‐managers of small retail stores were correlated with their Jungian personality types, measured on the abridged version of the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator. It was found that thinking extraverts did best as small retail

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00488.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is in response to Nathan's (1986) critique of Fox, Bizman&Herrmann's (1983) paper ‘The halo effect: Is it a unitary effect’. Specific points raised in Nathan's critique are rebutted. Recent numerical analyses are then employed to demonstrate the non‐equivalence of two extant measures of halo‐SD indices and D × D correlations. The SD indices, challenged by Nathan, are shown to conform with at least one commonly accepted definition of halo and to bear upon important psychological phenomena in the rating process. The SD and D × D measures are shown to reflect two different types of halo ‐ co‐occurrent and covariant. Conceptual analyses are offered to further elucidate the qualitatively differing foci of these types of halo. Summary sections address the implications of this diversity in halo for programmes aimed at reducing

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data from the British Knitwear Industry indicate that the standard deviation of performance in the UK is not significantly different to that found in the USA.

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY