ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb01098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb01099.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Policies may fail in two analytically distinct ways: they may fail to achieve their goals, or they may fail to retain political support and be terminated. By failing to distinguish between ineffectiveness and political failure, the three most common interpretations of the War on Poverty and the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (failure owing to central government incompetence, failure owing to pluralism, and “hidden” success) cannot adequately account for the gap between their ambiguous performance and their clear political failure. To understand these differences, one must understand the effect of America's fragmented political structure on the design and implementation of poverty and unemployment remedies. Under resource constraints and given a large degree of policy discretion, American states in the aggregate have retained their historic resistance to social policies that would increase short‐term expenditures and reduce the attractiveness of their business climate. These jurisdictions and their Congressional representatives opposed new fully nationalized initiatives, insisting on policy designs that promised fiscal relief while protecting state and local policy control. National policymakers found that grant‐in‐aid programs offered the path of least resistance in these circumstances. Although social policy grant programs could win initial approval in Congress, these designs proved to be increasingly unwieldy, expensive, and difficult to control in practice. The programs yielded ambiguous overall results but provided unambiguous examples of waste, fraud and abuse, fueling the perception of failure and contributing to the backlash against these programs and their politica

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb01100.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

For many years political scientists have utilized the subgovernment model of policy‐making to explain certain types of policy output. Recently a number of scholars have argued that the traditional conceptualization of subgovernments was simplistic and incomplete. They view subgovernments as a complex and integral part of the larger policy‐making environment. This paper examines this “new” subgovernment by analyzing its role in contemporary public policy‐making. If subgovernments have lost their autonomy and been exposed to the complex demands of the larger political system, what impact does this have on policy outputs? Relying upon the literature on subgovernments and their principal components, the paper offers an interpretation of how subgovernments have potentially expanded their influence on public policy as a result of two contemporary developments: policy‐making fragmentation, and the accommodation of pol

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb01101.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examines the relationship between measures of expenditures and personnel on executive decision making on the budget in Missouri, FY 1979–1985. Specifically, it focuses on the interaction of “macro” and “micro” variables in the governor's budget recommendations, as demonstrated by revealing the conditions under which correlations between expenditures and personnel recommendations are weak and strong. The results indicate that attention to dollars is not enough to explain state policy decisions and that strong correlations are not automatic between the measures, which are influenced by internal as well as external co

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb01102.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper explores the interaction between three primary activities (political influence, scientific analysis, and advocacy) in the practice of policy analysis. After arguing that successful practice depends on the ability of policy analysts to synthesize those three activities, the paper describes and critiques one analytical team's recent efforts to define the impacts of federal energy policy and programs on minority groups. It reports that the analytical team failed to maintain critical distance from its client and to communicate effectively with its lay constituency; acting as a “client advocate,” the team unintentionally but systematically distorted knowledge concerning minorities and energy. The paper concludes by urging analysts to recognize that they have three distinct audiences (clients, technical peers, and lay constituencies) and that successful analysis depends on communicating honestly and openly with each of t

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb01103.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ability of state leaders to influence economic growth and diversity within their states is a disputed issue within the literature on state economic development policy‐making. This research contributes to this debate by developing comparative measures of state development agency power drawn from the emerging theory on organizational power. If state policy leaders have independent control over the economic performance of their states and if that influence is exercised through the administrative unit responsible for that activity, states which have supplied their agencies more resources and freedom in using those resources should outperform those states which have no

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb01104.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb01105.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb01106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb01107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY