ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb00889.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There is no shortage of warnings concerning the hazards of excessive ambition in consciously‐pursued public policy. In the light of these cautions, this paper considers the appropriate ambitions for policy design. The critics have missed the target. There is no need to fear ambition in policy design, provided that openness in communications about policy is secure

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb00890.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Policy analysts, like allegorical homesteaders, face the seemingly unmanageable task of coping with the wilderness of ill‐structured problems, while concurrently attending to well‐structured problems, which can be addressed with conventional methods of policy analysis. What has appeared thus far as an unmanageable task may become manageable once analysts acknowledge the principle of methodological congruence: The appropriateness of a particular type of method is a function of its congruence with the type of problem under investigation.To be sure, conventional methods of the first type are appropriate and useful for solving first‐order problems, which are relatively well‐structured. Contexts of practice, however, are pervaded by second‐order problems which, variously described as squishy, messy, or ill‐structured, are the class of all first‐order problems. Just as methods of the first type are congruent with the simple analytic demands of first‐order problems, so are methods of the second type congruent with the complex analytic demands of second‐order problems. When policy analysts fail to observe this principle of methodological congruence they are likely to solve the wrong problem.Methods of the second type are not limited to general heuristics, but include specific and readily comprehensible procedures for estimating the boundaries and structure of ill‐structured problems. Since these estimation procedures appear to satisfy requirements of inductive estimates in general, policy analysts can assess their own performance in providing approximate answers to the right question, thus coping with the enemies who lurk in the wilderness of conventio

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb00891.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The policy sciences have advanced in the past by introspection, and there appears to be a need for a return to such self‐conscious examination of the field of inquiry. A design orientation offers a useful framework for such an examination. It requires reconsideration of some of the fundamental premises of policy inquiry. This article explores what impact design might have on the conventional process framework and then proceeds to discuss the development of a design perspectiv

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb00892.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1980 Congress created the Superfund to pay for the selective cleanup of hazardous waste disposal sites. The original Superfund program was financed by earmarked “feedstock” taxes on petroleum and 42 chemicals, and by a “waste‐end” tax on hazardous waste received a t disposal facilities. Budgetary authority for the program expired in September 1985. Over a year elapsed before Congress renewed budgetary authority for the program by expanding the feedstock taxes, suspending the waste‐end tax, and imposing a new broad‐base tax on corporate income. This paper examines the efficiency and equity effects of the current and several alternative Superfund tax policies. Special emphasis is given to the administrative and compliance costs associated with each tax, and the capacity of each to complement EPA regulation of hazardous waste

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb00893.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb00894.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines rural and urban changes in the distribution of poverty that would result from modifying the conventional poverty measure to include the annuity value of household net worth.Use of this new income/wealth measure caused numerous shifts in the location and demography of the poverty population. Among those more often found to be in poverty under the new measure were young, renter, and large central city resident households. Age, homeownership, farm employment, education, retirement status, public assistance participation, and residence in the West were important factors in explaining the divergence of the WH and INC measures. The age and retirement impacts were significantly different in rural and urban areas. Rural residence itself was not an important factor in explaining WH and INC differences.

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb00895.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

At a time when welfare policy analysts are preoccupied with the problem of welfare dependency, this paper refocuses attention on the ability of welfare (AFDC and general assistance) to reduce poverty among families, by highlighting and explaining rural‐urban differences in this ameliorative effect. Descriptive and multivariate methods are used to analyze data from the March 1987 Current Population Survey. Results show that despite comparatively high poverty rates in nonmetro areas, the nonmetro poor were much less likely than their urban counterparts t o receive welfare. Moreover, nonmetro welfare recipients received considerably less welfare income, on average, than metro recipients. Accordingly, the ameliorative effect of welfare was lowest in nonmetro areas and highest in central cities. Logistic regression analysis revealed that nonmetro poor families were less likely to receive welfare than those in metro areas because they were more likely to be working, older, childless, and headed by a married coupl

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb00896.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines differentials in the propensity to be living in poverty among women who head families with minor children. Characteristics of mothers are examined for four subgroups: residents of central cities, suburbs, small towns, and rural areas. Using Public Use Microdata Sample data from the 1980 Census, results are presented using Multiple Classification Analysis. After controlling for the effects of mother's race, marital status, education, work status, and ages of her children, single mothers in central cities and smaIl towns have the highest rates of poverty (48% and 45% respectively), closely followed by those in rural areas (41%). Suburban single mothers are least likely to live in poverty (33%).Results show that employment status is the strongest predictor of poverty, followed by education and marital status. A subanalysis of women who work full‐time reveals major differences in earned income, with suburban women earning the highest incomes, followed by women living in central cities, then rural areas and, finally, small towns. A decomposition of this difference reveals that about two‐thirds of the difference is due to pay scales, and only one‐third due to the structure of occupational opport

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb00897.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The farm financial crisis of the 1980s has had a major effect on agriculturally dependent areas in the United States. The crisis has resulted in a large proportion of producers leaving agriculture, in a substantial decline in the number of rural businesses, and in the support for rural service bases. Although extensively analyzed, the crisis' impacts on resources and poverty have not been adequately evaluated.This paper examines such impacts using parameters derived from USDA data and from extensive surveys of producers, business operators, and employees in rural communities. The results show effects on populations, services, and income that could lead to a substantial increase in the rates of poverty in these counties.The paper concludes that the crisis, if left unaddressed, may result in a long‐term loss of economic opportunities, accentuated rates of poverty, and reduced potential for economic development in agriculturally dependent areas in the United State

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1988.tb00898.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY