ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00640.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00641.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The problem addressed by this paper is the conditions under which the government may wish to indemnify firms for losses suffered when environmental regulations are revised. Larger firms are likely to be in a better competitive position than smaller firms when environmental standards are raised. Financial risks discourage firms from investing in environmental capital unless some of the cost is shared by the public. Not having a compensation program will slow compliance with new regulations and make markets less competitive. The examples o f TRIS and the herbicides 2,4,5‐T and Silvex are describe

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00642.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines two interrelated questions: Knowledge utilization and organizational learning. Whereas most treatments o f these questions have in mind individuals, “decisionmakers,” who are supposedly the learning agents, or the potential users of social science knowledge and information, my attempt will be to regard knowledge utilization and learning as organizational phenomena. A s such, the question of knowledge utilization, of learning, of knowledge growth in organizations, calls for the notion of organizational epistemology which has been neglected due to the prevailing view of organizational learning a5 experimental learning. The notion of organizational epistemology, or theory of knowledge, is, in turn, helpful in freeing both organizations from the naive empiricism we have attributed to them, and utilization‐minded researchers from the frustration that accompanies the repeatedly documented phenomenon on nonutilization. To better appreciate the role of policy minded social science knowledge and information, my proposal will be to conceptualize learning behavior in terms of “contest” rather than experimentation and ver

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00643.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Policy research has become an integral part of the policymaking process but is changing as the goals and emphases o f policies change. The paper explores the shift in emphasis in evaluation research away from predominantly programmatic concerns and toward accountability issues in personnel and job evaluation. It depicts an inward turning in domestic policies from the provision of services to evaluation of government itself, and an acceleration in conflict over how the work of government should be structured and performed, and by whom. Using examples from three levels o f government, it describes what makes policies controversial, their evaluations political, and how the search for legitimacy and legitimizing technologies raises the stakes for all actors in the policy process–elected officials, administrators, consumers, and evaluators. Conclusions are drawn regarding the effect on research o f these changes in polic

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00644.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mandatory sentencing legislation often results in laws which use provisions and set penalties in order to make strong symbolic and political statements. Thus, in addition to protecting society, they are powerful vehicles for expressing moral outrage. This is especially evident in mandatory sentencing for drug and alcohol offenses. The present research examines the consequences of that practice on one state's criminal justice system. Interviews with key actors along with examinations of official documents, newspaper publicity and media campaigns illustrate the political decisions and symbolic statements which pervade driving‐while‐intoxicated (DWI) legislation. The process is studied from before the lawls enactment through its subsequent outc

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00645.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Since the early 1970s, policy scholars have paid great attention to issues of policy implementation, treating it as the “missing link” between policy formulation and results. Most often, policy problems have been seen as static phenomena that can be corrected by carefully specified programs. This paper, drawing upon examples from Swedish energy policy, argues that this is not the case, that political and social conditions are so prone to change that implementation must be a dynamic process if it is to be effective. This has distinct conceptual and practical implications for the study and design of policy implementat

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00646.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00647.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00648.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to discuss problems of controlling the efficiency of bureaucratic behavior. There are two broad approaches to the topic: One is a general discussion of systemic complications that mitigate against efficiency; the second centers around the study of productivity and efforts a t instituting program changes which result in more efficient operations. The former, constituting the first part of the paper, is, by nature, a more theoretical and, unfortunately, less positive statement. The latter portion of the paper is a more practical and more optimistic discussion. Taken together, it is hoped that the two approaches will provide a balanced overview of efficiency as it relates to bureaucratic behavior.

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1986.tb00649.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY