摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper is a critique of dualistic notions concerning the structure of African economies, and the nature of structural transformation in the region. First, it questions theoretical assumptions that structural transformation in Subsaharan Africa is controlled and directed by market penetration. Second, it argues that, in reality, structural transformation is a process of mutual interaction between the institutions of capital and those of the traditional system. As African individuals, households and communities make deliberate choices about what to optimize and how to undertake the optimization process within given constraints, they choose from traditional and market norms to varying degrees. Finally, it is argued that the outcome of these activities is not a rural‐urban dichotomy, but a continuum which reflects different behavioral patterns in economic production and social relationship

ISSN:0017-4815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2257.1995.tb00182.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper outlines a conventional method of constructing regional capital stocks using investment and depreciation data. The method was used to estimate annual capital stocks for twenty (two‐digit SIC) manufacturing industries in the nine census regions of the US. between 1955 and 1989. The novelty of the paper is the disaggregated capital stock data generated. Those data reveal that the industrial distribution of capital is becoming increasingly similar among regions of the U.S. They also show the familiar snowbelt‐sunbelt shift of manufacturing capacity. Statistical tests establish that the redistribution of regional net capital stocks between 1955 and 1989 is significant in sixteen of twenty industries and that in ten of these sectors the most pronounced shifts in capacity occurred before the early 1970s. As investment moved away from the old manufacturing heartland, the age of capital in the mid Atlantic and east north central states increased and the age structure of capital stocks became relatively youthful in the west. Age pyramids reveal that regional variations in the age distribution of capital and the average age of capital were greater in 1989 than in 1955. Models of embodied technological change claim that the age of capital is a useful surrogate of best‐practice techn

ISSN:0017-4815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2257.1995.tb00183.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTProponents of petroleum industry subsidies often assert that such policies will have positive economic implications for rural communities. This paper examines the economic impacts of such a policy in Utah. Specifically, this paper quantifies the direct and indirect economic and fiscal impacts of a tax credit granted for oil and gas well workovers in Utah's Uintah Basin. The analysis is made possible by an input‐output model constructed specifically for Utah's oil producing economy. The tax credit policy was found to generate a net fiscal loss for the state. However, it does generate employment in the Uintah Basin. The total per job cost to the state of generating an average of one job per year for 5 years through the tax credit policy is $24,056 (1991 dollars). However, if the public expenditure impacts are taken into account, then the cost per job could be as high as $48,423 (1991 dollars). Whether there are other ways to generate the same employment gains at a lower cost was lost in the political debate surrounding this petroleum industry tax credi

ISSN:0017-4815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2257.1995.tb00184.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to review recent developments in economics and public policy with regard to environmental resources. We describe the traditional concepts of externalities, public goods, efficient property rights, and the more recent concept of existence values for wilderness areas and other natural resources. A feature is the inclusiveness of modem economic theory. We trace the development of economic approaches to estimating values. We briefly review approaches based on observable market behavior and contingent market responses. Contingent valuation plays a vital role in estimation because it is the sole technique available for estimating the potentially important existence values. Benefit‐cost analysis for regulatory decisions and natural resource damages assessment for implementation of Superfund legislation are discussed. We conclude that estimates of existence values based on contingent valuation can be useful especially when the alternative is greater reliance upon an imperfect political proces

ISSN:0017-4815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2257.1995.tb00185.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper examines whether economic valuation methods are capable of meaningfully measuring the value of the wilderness in monetary terms. Although non‐monetary valuation methods are often important in policy making arenas, this paper focuses on monetary methods. Three questions are examined to determine if these economic valuation methods can contribute to the development of wilderness policy. First, are the valuation methods which have been developed by economists capable of expressing in dollar terms the value of all the services which the wilderness supplies? Second, if these valuation methods are not capable of eliciting all the relevant values, are they still useful for public policy purposes? Third, can the valuation methods be modified or can new methods be developed which can measure some of the values which have not been captured by the previously employed methods? The paper reviews existing valuation methods according to these criteria and finds that the ability to value the wilderness is limited by the shortcomings of currently employed techniques. Refinements to existing methods and potential new methods are suggested to further the valuation proces

ISSN:0017-4815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2257.1995.tb00186.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA semi‐structural VAR time‐series model was used to examine movements in Flint Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) employment levels and determine how area employment was affected by movements in different sectors of the U.S. economy. Flint was chosen because in 1958 over 50 percent of the area's population was employed by the transportation industry, the majority in automobile production, and therefore Flint should be considered as a company town prototype for this modeling technique. Due to the dependency of this area's employment base on the automotive industry and the highly volatile nature of area employment levels, the Choleski decomposition was used instead of the structural Bernanke method.It was found that the effects of movements in the automotive industry were a major impact on aggregate area employment as well as on virtually all manufacturing sectors. These results are more robust than those for the Detroit Metropolitan Statistical Area (PSA)1. This is due primarily to Flint's greater degree of area dependency on the automotive‐ind

ISSN:0017-4815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2257.1995.tb00187.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Superfund: ThePoliticalEconomy ofEnvironmentalRisk. John A. Hird.SustainableForestry: Philosophy, Science,andEconomics. Chris Maser.One forAll: TheLogic ofGrowConflict. Russell Hardin.Law, Space,andTheGeographies ofPower, by N. K. Blomley.ThePoliticalEconomy ofEuropeanMonetaryUnificationedited by Barry Eichengreen and Jeffry Frieden.EconomicIntegration in the, WesternHemisphere. RobertoBouzas andJamieRos, Editors.China'sNewPoliticalEconomy: TheGiantAwakes. by Susumu Yabuki, trans. by Stephen M. Harner.Crisis on theRioGrande: Poverty, Unemployment,andEconomicDevelopment on theTexas‐MexicoBorder. Dianne C. Betts and Daniel J. Slottje, with Jesus Vargas‐Garcia.Appalachia'sPath toDependency. Paul Sdstrom. Lexington

ISSN:0017-4815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2257.1995.tb00188.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY