ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The phenomenon of infant crying during aircraft descent is described, based on in-flight observations of 37 infant-mother pairs and mother interviews. The hallmark was crying during descent that was not alleviated by mothers' strategies that had been effective prior to descent. A significant relationship was found between bottle feeding and crying during descent; 18 (78%) of nonfeeding infants cried, compared with 4 (29%) of the bottle feeders. All infants with colds cried during descent, and descent crying always occurred more than 9 minutes after adults perceived the need to clear their ears. Only 4 of the 22 mothers (18%) with crying infants attributed the crying to ear pain, yet the findings support the explanation of otalgia due to inadequate middle ear ventilation. Developmental factors that put airborne infants at risk for otic barotrauma, educational implications, and directions for future research are discussed.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study assessed the effectiveness of cotton/polyester covergowns in protecting scrubsuits against bacterial contamination when operating room (OR) personnel are outside the clean environment of the operating suite. Rodac impression plates were used to measure bacterial contamination. The subjects were nurses working a normal daily OR routine. Bacterial colony counts on the right shoulder decreased when covergowns were worn over scrubsuits during the lunch period outside the OR and when fresh scrubsuits were put on following the lunch period. Colony counts rose over the lunch period when scrubsuits were worn unprotected outside the OR and when scrubsuits were removed before and put on again following lunch. Left thigh samples showed no significant effects of experimental treatments and yielded a mean colony count 2.8 times higher than right shoulder samples. Fifty-three percent of subjects were positive for Staphylococcus aureusand 16% yielded positive plates on 3 or more study days. The incidence ofS. aureus contamination was affected by experimental treatments in a way similar to overall bacterial contamination. The results indicated that wearing covergowns protects against abovewaist bacterial contamination of scrubsuits.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A meta-analysis was performed on 68 studies to examine the effect of preoperative instruction on postoperative outcomes. The 68 studies represented 2,413 experimental subjects and 1,605 control group subjects and yielded 423 individual effect sizes. The 423 individual effect sizes had a mean effect size of 0.44 and a variance of 2.43. The mean effect size indicated that, in terms of postoperative outcomes, an average patient who received preoperative instruction was at the 66th percentile of a similar group of patients who did not receive preoperative instruction. The accompanying large variance indicated this finding was not consistent across subject-studies. Substantive characteristics of subject-studies used to categorize effect size were: type of content, method of organization, type of presentation, level of patients' fear/anxiety, and types of outcomes measured. All categories analyzed had positive effect sizes. Within categories of content, psychological and mixed forms of content produced the lowest variances. Categories of organization and presentation did not produce data to demonstrate a clear difference in the levels analyzed. Categories of patient fear/anxiety indicated that the greatest effects were achieved with patients who had high levels of fear/anxiety, followed by moderate levels and low levels. The most consistent results were found with moderate levels of fear/anxiety. When categorized by types of outcomes measured, all effect sizes remained positive. The variances accompanying each effect size remained relatively substantial at all levels of aggregation, with small variances found only at the greatest level of specificity. Results of this meta-analysis support preoperative instruction as an intervention which has a favorable effect on operative outcomes by consistently demonstrating the positive effect of this intervention regardless of the manner in which effect sizes were aggregated.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Informational needs of 60 recently diagnosed cancer patients were assessed in relation to their disease, personal, family, and social concerns. The theoretical framework underlying the study was constructed from theories of coping, appraisal, information seeking, needs, and hierarchy of needs. Categories of analysis were derived from these theories and from findings of previous research. The Derdiarian Informational Needs Assessment was used to gather data. Patients' informational needs were described in relation to harms, threats, and resources and to their importance values associated with the major categories of disease, personal, family, and social concerns. Comparisons of informational needs and their importance values among patients stratified by person- or situation-related variables indicated few differences by gender, age, and stage of cancer. The findings imply that informational needs may be universal and warrant research on their relationship to these variables.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to examine wives' anxiety in response to their husbands' first myocardial infarction from the perspective of perceptions and interpretations of their support roles, their husbands' experience, their abilities to act supportively, and how these and other factors contributed to their degree of anxiety. Major study variables were: role clarity (measured by an instrument developed for the study), empathy (measured by the Barrett-Lennard [1978] Relationship Inventory), support role performance (measured by an instrument developed for the study), and anxiety (measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form A [Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970]). Four exogenous variables, husband's condition, previous experience in the support role, selfesteem, and trait anxiety, were used to test alternate hypotheses. Subjects were 82 wives of men admitted to three cardiac care units. Data were collected prior to the husband's hospital discharge and at 3 weeks postdischarge. Data were analyzed with path analysis procedures. Study findings supported two hypotheses, that support role performance has a direct negative effect on anxiety and trait anxiety has a direct positive effect on anxiety. Descriptive data obtained during the postdischarge interview provided documentation of uncertainty as another source of anxiety.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A repeated measures survey design was used to monitor the physical and emotional health of 81 expectant fathers at lunar month intervals throughout their partners' pregnancy and the early postpartum period. The data set consisted of 515 repeated measures. The backward elimination regression procedure was used to identify six factors that partially explained health events experienced by expectant fathers: affective involvement in pregnancy, number of previous children, income, ethnic identity, perceived stress, and recent health prior to expectant fatherhood.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The pattern of newborn handling by 36 cesarean-delivered women and 36 vaginally delivered women was studied during their infants' first postpartum bedside visit. The research hypothesis predicted that the initial pattern of handling newborn infants would be different for the two groups of mothers. However, the pattern was found to be similar for the time it took both groups to initiate using their fingers, palms, arms, and trunks, as well as the sequence of use of these body parts, although neither group followed the sequence of handling reported in the bonding literature. The two groups did differ in the frequency and amount of handling of the infants: the cesarean mothers handled their infants significantly less, possibly due to the effects of fatigue and discomfort. In addition, the presence of the infant's father in the cesarean group had a significant effect of decreasing the frequency and amount of maternal handling. No such effect was found in the vaginally delivered group.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Using an analogued labor pain procedure, the efficacy of combinations of five cognitive and one pharmacologic approach to pain management was examined. Nulliparous undergraduates (N = 120) were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 groups. Cognitive groups included: systematic desensitization (SYS DENS); sensory description (SEN DESC); sensory transformation (ST); modeling (M); and relaxation (R); combined groups: SYS DENS, SEN DESC, and ST; SEN DESC, ST, and R; SEN DESC, R, ST, and Demerol.® Pharmacologic groups included expected Demerol,® did not expect Demerol,® placebo, and no treatment control. Subjects assigned to a cognitive group received two 1-hour training sessions 1 week apart. Remaining subjects were given the assigned pharmacologic treatment one-half hour prior to the exposure to the painful stimulus. Assessment of the cognitive and pharmacologic approaches were made in a 1-hour session involving twenty 80-second exposures to a laboratory pain stimulus patterned to resemble labor contractions. Dependent variables included self-reported pain, blood pressure, frontalis electromyograph, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Significant treatment by trials and treatment effects were found for self-reported pain. No other effects achieved statistical significance.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1986

数据来源: OVID