ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1966

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1966

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1966

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1966

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary and ConclusionsThe present study investigated the hypothesis that definite recognizable personality characteristics differentiate placebo reactors and non-reactors. Specifically, it considered the relation between self-strength, dependency, and level of anxiety, and responses to placebo therapy.In order to study this relation, a group of 29 patients attending a clinic for rheumatoid arthritis was differentiated on the basis of responses to placebos. The patients were also differentiated and compared in terms of responses to a personality inventory measuring the traits specified above.The findings of this study substantiate the hypothesis. Placebo reactors tended to exhibit higher dependency and anxiety and lower ego strength and self-sufficiency than non-reactors.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1966

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1966

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThe results of both field studies can be summarized as follows: the cognitive tasks encountered by nurses on the ward are many and varied. Even when a relatively narrow segment of the nurse's task-environment (abdominal pain following abdominal surgery) is studied, a large amount of complexity is encountered—a sample of 212 cases provided 165 cues and 17 identifiable responses to this task. And the data suggest that none of the cues analyzed has provided (by itself) the basis for action. In short, the cognitive characteristics of this nursing task were found to be complex with respect to: 1) the number of cues involved, 2) the number of responses to the task, and 3) the relation between cues and actions.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1966

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1966

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary and ConclusionIt has been the purpose of this research to investigate pain and its treatment as experienced by a patient in a hospital. The use of systems analysis techniques in this investigation has resulted in: 1) an interdisciplinary research approach, and 2) the construction of a model.In fact, various disciplines, such as mathematics, control theory, and physiology, were applied to come to a more complete understanding of the behavior of a patient (11).As the treatment of pain can only be effective if the behavior of a patient is properly understood, this research started out with the development of a patient model. As a first step, an elementary patient model was proposed; and it has been shown that a number of basic pain phenomena, recorded in the literature, can be deduced from this model. It should be emphasized however that this model should be considered as a first attempt toward a systematic description of a hospital patient suffering from pain. As said before, pain is probably as complex as man himself. Therefore, it is not to be expected that any model will give a complete and detailed understanding of all phenomena related to pain. The predictive quality of the present model justifies the expectation that model enrichment will lead to even more realistic models which can profitably be used in the treatment of pain.The advantage of the present approach is that the different aspects of pain can be united in one model so that a nurse may obtain a composite picture of a patient in a reasonably short time. Another advantage is that the quantitative treatment of pain allows the construction of a computer which can be used as a patient simulator. Various pain relieving techniques may then be studied without involving a real patient. Such a computer, based on this model, was indeed constructed by this author(11). At present, its value is mainly restricted to educational purposes, but it is not unreasonable to expect that model improvement will give rise to more sophisticated patient simulators which can be used to study new pain relieving techniques.Finally, the quantitative treatment of pain creates the need for a reliable and practical method of measuring the intensity of pain. Such a method, which can be used on a routine basis by a nurse, will be discussed in a forthcoming article.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1966

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryA pardon of a medical-surgical nursing study unit was programmed for use on the PLATO system. It was presented to a group of nursing students, six students obtaining information by self-directed inquiry in the PLATO simulated laboratory and seven students in the control group attending their regular class with regular instructor.The experimental and control groups did not differ significantly on a pre-test of subject matter knowledge. A comparison of post-test results showed a difference in favor of the PLATO group that was significant at the .09 level. The value of learning by experimenting was indicated by a correlation of .85 between the number of experiments the students performed and their post-test scores. The number of attempts at questions correlated -.75 with the post-test scores.Using data recorded by the computer, profiles of the students' responses were constructed. They revealed that the students gathered data from the system in different ways, their approach being related to their cognitive style. Those classified by a test of cognitive style as being highly inferential, typically gathered data related to only one question at a time. The approach of those classified as highly relational and analytical was to gather large amounts of data to be used later as necessary in answering the questions. There was a high correlation between inferential approach and maximum utilization of the system. Inferential cognitive style correlated .58 with post-test scores, .72 with the number of experiments performed, and .92 with the number of conditions checked. Although there was a correlation of .70 between the pre-test scores and a measure of the students' ability (A.C.E.), there was no significant correlation between their post-test scores and their measured ability (-.23).The use of a computer-controlled teaching system to provide a simulated laboratory in which to do the experimenting and inquiring allowed sufficient flexibility to allow the students to proceed in their own way. The student response to this type of learning was very favorable.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1966

数据来源: OVID