ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to describe the emotional distress of women (N = 300) and husbands (N = 265) prior to the women's breast biopsy and to identify factors related to their levels of distress. Standardized instruments were used to measure social support, uncertainty, marital satisfaction, family functioning, concurrent stress, hopelessness, and emotional distress. Women reported moderately high levels of emotional distress and significantly more distress than their husbands. Forty-two prevent of the variance in women's distress scores and 42% of the variance in husbands' distress scores were accounted for by the independent variables. Concurrent stress, lower education, hopelessness, and uncertainty explained the most variance in women's distress, while concurrent stress, hopelessness, and family functioning explained the most variance in husbands' distress.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study was conducted to assess whether optimism was associated with less delay and anxiety in seeking cam for breast cancer symptoms, expectations about such care seeking, and the likelihood of having breast cancer. The influence of optimism on delay and anxiety through expectations about care seeking or likelihood of breast cancer was also examined. Participants (N = 135) with breast cancer symptoms and no history of cancer were interviewed at a surgery clinic. Optimism was associated with less delay and anxiety in care seeking and with expectations of desirable outcomes of care seeking. After controlling for expectations about care seeking, the relationship of optimism and anxiety became nonsignificant. Adjusting for differences in occupational status, the relationship of optimism and delay was nonsignificant. Thus, optimism may influence anxiety in care seeking for breast cancer symptoms through situation-specific expectations. The influence of optimism on delay may be confounded with socioeconomic factors.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A grounded theory was developed to describe how pregnant crack cocaine users perceived their problems and responded to them. A basic social psychological process, salvaging self, was identified from constant comparative analysis of in-depth interviews with 60 pregnant or postpartum women who used crack cocaine an average of at least once per week in pregnancy. Salvaging self included two phases, facing the situation and evading harm. Participants evaluated the value, hope, and risk of various responses to pregnancy. Actions included strategies of harm reduction and stigma management aimed at reducing damage to the fetus, their identities as individuals and mothers, and the maternal-child relationship. Personal histories and social contexts influenced the salvaging process.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this research was to develop and test a measure of barriers to smoking cessation. Barriers, reconceptualized within the Transactional Model of Stress (Lazarus, 1966), reflect specific stressors associated with smoking cessation. The measure consists of a 19-item scale, which has been tested in three studies. Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from .81 to .87. Construct validity was demonstrated by correlations between barrier scores and scores on the Daily Hassles Scale (DeLongis, Folkman, & Lazarus, 1988). Predictive validity was demonstrated by findings that barriers scows significantly contributed to classification of abstainers versus relapsers 8 weeks after smoking cessation group participants quit smoking.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to identify coping strategies used by a sample of 156 spouses/significant others of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) in meeting the challenges of living with and/or caring for someone with MS. An additional purpose was to determine if differences existed among the coping strategies with inspect to frequency of use, dependency status of the person with MS, the presence or absence of illness in the spouse/significant other, and the latter's gender and relationship to the person with MS. Low alpha coefficients were obtained on most of the Jalowiec Coping Scale JCS) subscales. Subsequent factor analysis resulted in six factors. Two were problem focused (Planning, Confrontive); three were emotion focused (Ambivalence, Escape/Anger, Distancing); and one was problem and emotion focused combined (Accepting). The factors represented 31 of the 60fCS items. Alpha coefficients were between .66 and .76. Significantly mow problem-than emotion-focused coping dimension strategies were used. More coping strategies were used from the Planning, Distancing, and Escape/Anger dimensions when persons with MS were dependent rather than independent; the Distancing dimension when the spouse/significant other was also ill; and the Planning dimension when the spouse/significant other was a man. Spouses used mom coping strategies from the Ambivalence and fewer from the Distancing and Escape/Anger dimensions than did significant others.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Nine hospital workload factors and seasonal changes in daylight and darkness were examined over a 5-year period in relation to nurse medication errors at a medical center in Anchorage, Alaska. Three workload factors, along with darkness, were found to be significant predictors of the risk of medication error. Errors increased with the number of patient days per month (OR/250 patient days = 1.61) and the number of shifts worked by temporary nursing staff (OR/10 shifts = 1.15); errors decreased with more overtime worked by permanent nursing staff members (OR/10 shifts = .85). Medication errors were 95% more likely in midwinter than in the fall, but the effect of increasing darkness was strongest; a 2-month delay was found between the level of darkness and the rate of errors. More than half of all medication errors occurred during the first 3 months of the year.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In undeserved, inner-city ghettos known for drug-related violence and crime, active participation in community life is dangerous and even life-threatening. This is especially true for elders burdened with the infirmities of aging and lacking the means to provide for alternatives to social isolation. These conditions can increase their risks for mental and physical ill health. In this 3-year urban ethnography, a Philadelphia senior center that provided a haven during daytime hours was found to be vital to the social health of elders. In the center, elders exchanged fear and social isolation for companionship as a means to survive threats to their health and well-being. This finding suggests the need to understand the life exigencies of inner-city residents to provide culturally competent health care.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A meta-analysis of 102 studies was conducted to determine the effects of psychoeducational care on blood pressure (n = 89), knowledge about hypertension (n = 30), medication compliance (n = 23), weight (n = 16), compliance with health cam appointments (n = 11), and anxiety (n = 6). Small- to medium-sized statistically significant beneficial effects were found on blood pressure for several types of psychoeducational care (education only, behavioral monitoring only, and relaxation). However, in the better controlled studies, the effect of relaxation on blood pressure was much smaller and not statistically significant. Statistically significant large treatment effects were obtained on knowledge, medication compliance, and compliance with health caw appointments. Threats to validity limited conclusions about the effects of psychoeducational care on the weight and anxiety of adults with hypertension.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A meta-analytic study investigated the causal relationships among job satisfaction, behavioral intentions, and nurse turnover behavior. A theoretical model was proposed in which behavioral intentions were viewed as a direct antecedent to turnover behavior. Job satisfaction was expected to be indirectly related to turnover by virtue of the mediating role of behavioral intentions. Consistent with these expectations, a strong positive relationship was indicated between behavioral intentions and turnover; a strong negative relationship between job satisfaction and behavioral intentions; and a small negative relationship between job satisfaction and turnover. The results of the modifier analysis suggested that effect sizes are fairly robust to differences in study designs, response rates, and methods of measuring job satisfaction, but the manner in which behavioral intentions were operationalized appeared to moderate the relationship between behavioral intentions and turnover and job satisfaction. Of variables related to nursing job satisfaction, work content and work environment had a stronger relationship with job satisfaction than economic or individual difference variables.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID