DOI:10.1049/ji-1.1943.0062

出版商:IEE    

年代:1943

数据来源: IET

DOI:10.1049/ji-1.1943.0064

出版商:IEE    

年代:1943

数据来源: IET

摘要:

It is generally agreed that there should be a greater degree of uniformity in the methods of charging for electricity. The Report of the 1929 Committee on Uniformity of Electricity Charges and Tariffs had only a limited effect in bringing about any improvement, and it is clear that uniformity cannot be achieved by voluntary action. A preliminary need, however, is the formulation of a satisfactory set of tariffs, as there are certain disadvantages and anomalies associated with most of the tariffs now in use.The paper discusses the general requirements of tariffs, and fundamental aspects of the demand for electricity. Modern requirements indicate that the charge for electricity should be based on the value of the service more than on the cost of supply, but there should be suitable controls to safeguard the individual consumer. It is along such lines that electricity supply has developed and no radical departure from present practice is necessary.The limitations of cost analysis in tariff-building are discussed; the need for more information on marginal costs demands more intensive research.The difference in the cost of supply in various undertakings, due to differences in bulk-supply charges and in types of area and load, has an important bearing on tariff unification; and a close examination of the economic and social implications of uniformity of charges throughout the country is desirable before a political decision is made on this matter.Small supplies, i.e. supplies to domestic and business premises, are discussed in relation to the influence of non-monetary factors, also the space-heating load (with a suggestion for price discrimination as an improved method of charge) and the need for improvement in the bases of the fixed charges in two-part tariffs.In conclusion suggestions are outlined for a uniform system of tariffs.An appendix to the paper contains an analysis showing the difference in cost of supply between urban and rural areas.

DOI:10.1049/ji-1.1943.0065

出版商:IEE    

年代:1943

数据来源: IET

摘要:

The principle of multi-part costing and charging, first applied by Hopkinson, is found to be as sound to-day as ever it was.It is attaining particular importance once again in connection with the intensive development of the domestic thermal load. This requires the unit-charge component of multi-part tariffs to be lowered to the bare minimum. The necessary corollary (characterizing a “correct” multi-part tariff) of allocating to the standing-charge component the bulk of the actual standing costs involved in giving supply, is impracticable with conventional two-part tariffs. At present their standing-charge component covers little more than the standing costs due to the demand for lighting and small domestic appliances, which is but a small fraction of the total demand of modern domestic installations. Hence the bulk of the standing costs due to the domestic thermal load must be averaged-out on the unit-charge component.A “correct” domestic multi-part tariff has to take into account the individual consumer's demand. This becomes more and more justifiable as inter-consumer diversity grows poorer and poorer in consequence of the predominance of the space-heating load. Owing to the rigid character of lighting and cooking demands it appears to be sufficient to consider individual consumer's demand only in connection with the elastic water-heating and space-heating requirements.Tariff charges based on actual demand can be put into effect by either recording or limiting consumers' maximum demands during periods of heavy load on the general supply system. As regards the second alternative, the time-honoured “contract-demand” method can be developed to such an extent as to be capable of everything the m.d.-indicator method achieves, while obviating drawbacks inherent in the latter.Thus a “correct” domestic multi-part tariff may be found in a revival and modernization of the contract-demand method. Whether such a “correct” tariff is also an ideal one, is open to discussion. But the principle of charging domestic supplies on the basis of both consumption and demand is worth reconsidering at all events.

DOI:10.1049/ji-1.1943.0066

出版商:IEE    

年代:1943

数据来源: IET

DOI:10.1049/ji-1.1943.0069

出版商:IEE    

年代:1943

数据来源: IET

DOI:10.1049/ji-1.1943.0071

出版商:IEE    

年代:1943

数据来源: IET