摘要:

AbstractThe application of a methodology for integrated energy‐emissions control planning in a large Swedish community is described. The procedural aspects of the methodology have been discussed elsewhere, the description therefore concentrates on the technical analysis of the community energy system and the joint tasks of developing this system and controlling the emissions from it. Examples of technical issues that have been investigated are: local electricity production through cogeneration, the impact on emissions and on the local electricity production of the introduction of natural gas, conflicts between cogeneration and heat production from municipal waste incineration and between cogeneration and energy conservation in areas with district heating, local emissions budgets accounting for the emissions associated with import and export of electricity to or from the community, and the effects of different emissions control policy instruments such as ‘bubbling’ or emissions fees. The most important tool for the technical analysis is the IEA‐MARKAL technical energy syste

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440160302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study investigates the applicability of the second law of thermodynamics using an entropy balance method to analyse and design thermal systems. As examples, the entropy balance method is used to analyse a single stage chiller system and a single stage heat transformer, both with lithium‐bromide/water as the working fluid. The entropy method yields not only the same information as is conveyed by the methods of energy and exergy analysis, but it also predicts clearly the influence of irreversibilities of individual components on the coefficient of performance and its effectiveness, based on the process properties, rather than on ambient conditions. Furthermore, this method is capable of presenting the overall distribution of the heat input by displaying the additional heat required to overcome irreversibility of each component without ambiguit

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440160303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe concentration characteristics of a two‐stage linear solar concentrator employing a perfectly tracked parabolic trough as the primary and a seasonally adjusted compound parabolic concentrator as the secondary stage with a flat horizontal absorber are studied. The Monte Carlo ray trace technique is used for this purpose. The effect of randomly distributed primary mirror surface errors on the concentration characteristics of the two stage concentrator is also investigate

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440160304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper includes a description of a test rig designed and manufactured for the determination of infiltration through windows under simulated environmental conditions. It consists mainly of a chamber with facilities for mounting windows of different sizes on one of its sides. The chamber has a heating element for realistic simulation of room temperatures. The wind source is a large‐diameter fan of 4.5 kW power. This test rig is used to study the infiltration characteristics of windows manufactured in Jordan. The study includes the effects of wind incident angles on infiltration rates. On the basis of the experimental results, the windows are classified as high and average quality windows. Infiltration prediction formulas for these two classes are derived. The measured infiltration rates are compared with those predicted by the derived formulas and with two additional published models. The results underscore the significance of testing of locally manufactured windows. They also include an application illustrating the effect of using any of the seven tested windows on infiltration costs in different regions of Jorda

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440160305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs Turkey intends to join the European Community (EC), there is a need to adjust the national policies to the EC policies. As for the Turkish energy policies, supply strategies are needed that comply with the emission control regulations of the EC, taking into account the fast growing energy requirements and the increasing use of low‐grade domestic fuels in Turkey, resulting in increasing air pollution. In a project carried out by the Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), Karlsruhe, in collaboration with the Gazi University, Ankara, and the responsible Turkish authorities, cost‐efficient strategies are being developed to reduce emissions in Turkey according to the requirements. The project is financed by the Volkswagen‐Stiftung, Hannover. By using the energy‐environmental model EFOM‐ENV as a tool, cost‐efficient mixtures of technological emission control measures, including fuel switching, substitution of energy conversion technologies and the application of emission reduction technologies, are being determined to enable Turkey to comply with the emission control regulations of the EC. Selected results of this project ar

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440160306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper presents an experimental study of flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant mixture R22/R114 in the annuli of a horizontal enhanced surface tubing evaporator. The test section had an inner tube bore diameter of 17.3 mm, an envelope diameter of 28.6 mm and an outer smooth tube of 32.3 mm internal diameter. The ranges of heat flux and mass velocity covered in the tests were 5–25 kW/m2and 180–290 kg/m2/s, respectively, at a pressure of 570 kPa.The enhanced surface tubing data shows a significant enhancement of the heat transfer compared with an equivalent smooth tube depending on the mixture components and their concentrations.Correlations are proposed to predict such heat transfer characteristics as the average heat transfer coefficients as well as pressure drops of R22/R114 nonazeotropic refrigerant mixture flow boiling inside enhanced surface tubing. In addition, it was found that the refrigerant mixture's pressure drop is a weak function of the mixture composit

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440160307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440160308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440160309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440160301

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY