摘要:

AbstractThe behaviour of photogalvanic cells containing methylene blue with various reducing agents has been examined. Appreciable potentials and currents have been detected. the power conversion efficiency of an EDTA‐methylene blue photogalvanic cell has been estimated to be ±0.04 per cent. the storage of light energy in iron‐methylene blue and EDTA‐methylene blue systems has been s

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractClimatization in large buildings with a relatively large volume and inner surface calls for a different approach from that in general façade buildings. As an example of buildings with many inner spaces we have taken some Dutch university teaching hospitals which are now in course of construction.In this paper, an investigation carried out for the Coordinator of the pertinent building activities will be dealt with in detail. This investigation was directed by the Steering Group on Installations, consisting of: (i) project directors of university teaching hospitals; (ii) installation advisers; (iii) TNO staff. Elements in the investigation were: (i) determination of the preferential dimensions of the eddies; (ii) measurement of the connection between heat transportviathe air and thatviathe ceiling in a model to a scale of 1 to 5; (iii) calculation of the spatial temperature; (iv) measurement of the spatial temperature in a test room to a scale of 1:1; (v) investigation on a grate into the relation between stability and comfort; and (vi) measurement of spatial temperatures in the building concerned

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper we have investigated the optimum placement of insulation in a concrete slab (wall/roof) for achieving the best levelling in the thermal flux through the slab. It is seen that, for a given thickness of insulation and given total thickness of concrete, this is achieved when the thickness of the outer layer of the concrete is least, consistent with structural considerations.

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMethanol was evaluated as an alternative fuel in vehicles with spark‐ignited, internal‐combustion engines. Acceptable driveability was achieved with a methanol‐fuelled car equipped with electronic fuel injection (EFI) which was modified to provide proper air‐fuel ratios for methanol. the target level for driveability was not achieved with a methanol‐fuelled carburetted car modified to provide proper air‐fuel ratios for and increased vaporization of methanol. With the EFI car, using the average equivalence ratio (Φa= 0·96) and spark timing designed for the production gasoline car, exhaust emissions and fuel economy with methanol fuelling were compared to those with gasoline. With methanol, compared with gasoline, 60 per cent lower NOx, 3·5 times higher unburned fuel emissions (UBF), and similar CO engine emissions were measured. the air pollution significance of the higher UBF emissions from methanol combustion is unknown because the UBF species (mainly methanol) are different from those from gasoline combustion. A catalytic converter decreased emissions of UBF and CO similarly for both fuels. Fuel economy with methanol—about half that of gasoline on a volume basis—was 7–10 per cent better on an energy basis than that with gasoline.With methanol fuelling, spark timing and Φawere varied from production values to obtain a more acceptable compromise among driveability, exhaust emissions and fuel economy. While fuelling with methanol at Φa= 0·96, using best power rather than production spark timing increased fuel economy 3 to 6 per cent without significantly affecting emissions and driveability. As Φawas leaned to 0·62 while maintaining best‐power spark timing engine and tailpipe (after converter) CO emissions decreased, engine UBF emissions increased, NOxand tailpipe UBF emissions were not greatly affected, and driveability deteriorated. With best‐power spark timing and the Φafor maximum economy (0·83), driveability was acceptable, and CO and NOxemissions met the 1977 standards. At Φa= 0·83, NOxemissions were reduced below the statutory standard (0·4 g/mile) by retarding spark timing; however, driveability and fuel economy deteriorated.Although the feasibility and benefits of operating vehicles with neat methanol have been demonstrated, not all problems of methanol fuelling (for example, cold start) were addressed. In addition, other alternatives such as obtaining hydrocarbon liquids from coal or using methanol as fuel for stationary powerplants must also be considered to obtain the most efficie

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe brown coal deposits in the world form an important reserve of energy and raw material, which can also be widely used economically in the present state of opencast mining techniques. Rhenish brown coal mining with its high values of production and productivity proves also that brown coal deposits, though low in energy, are economically exploitable if, for the mining of this coal, necessary preconditions are fulfilled. These are large‐scale mining fields and the use of an appropriate opencast mining technique which includes reclamation and landscaping after mining. the measures necessary for this and the technical development have been carried out by mining Rhenish brown coal on an economical basis. Thanks to the rich deposit reserves, to the high level of development of the opencast mining technique as well as to new or further development of refining processes, Rhenish brown coal mining will also be able in the future, to contribute considerably to securing the supply of energy and raw materia

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method by which one can measure the hydrodynamic efficiency of a wave power converter is discussed. Provided one measures both the horizontal and the vertical wave motion, it is sufficient to have measurements at one point closely in front of the converter and at another point behind it. Good estimates of the efficiency can be obtained without a Fourier analysis of the waves.The method should be useful both for measurements in the laboratory and in the ocean.

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper demonstrates that, to first order, the optimum size of nuclear plant depends only on the form of the dependence of capital costs and availability with size and not on absolute levels; it is also independent of nuclear fuel costs. the advantage of this treatment is that the forms of these dependences are less controversial than absolute values and the scope for confusion in determining optimum size is therefore reduced.

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030314

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030316

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY