摘要:

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of United States and world petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas liquids presumed recoverable but as‐yet undiscovered resources and suggests that the depletion of these fuels may not occur as quickly as frequently predicted. the paper points out that the construction of a synthetic fuels industry will be very costly and will provide only a small amount of increased energy independence. the fear is expressed that haste in accepting a specific synfuels process on the basis of present technology may serve to forestall the development of a better technology in order to gain better understandings of the various technologies, more information on costs and the essential but as yet unknown information on environmental and socioeconomic effects of large scale plant

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440040202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe current status of a number of processes which have been or are being developed to produce high‐Btu, medium‐Btu, and low‐Btu gas from coal is

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440040203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA brief review of the basic aspects of catalysed coal char gasification is presented. Kinetics and mechanisms of catalysed and uncatalysed gasification reactions of coal char with steam, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are discussed. Mass transport effects and internal structure of coals are shown to be important in determining rates of these reactions. the importance of the type of catalyst used is also discussed. Such factors as catalyst cations and anions, the method by which the catalyst is contacted with the coal char, and physical and chemical states of the catalyst both prior to and during reaction are shown to be important in the gasification process. Finally, research instruments and equipment used recently for studies in catalysed gasification are reviewed. These include various types of reactor systems for following the course of these reactions and analytical instruments for assessing the physical and/or chemical state of the catalysts and/or coal char both prior to and during the gasification reactions.

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440040204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development of the Texaco coal gasification process utilizing an entrained bed downflow slagging gasifier is discussed. the advantages of the process including its simplicity and lack of formation of environmentally unacceptable and undesirable by‐products are emphasized. Treatment of the crude gasification product gas to produce a clean gas for use as fuel or as feed stock for chemical manufacture is also covered. Status of the commercialization of the process is include

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440040205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExxon Research and Engineering Company is engaged in research and development on catalytic coal gasification (CCG) for the production of substitute natural gas (SNG). the catalysts being studied are the basic and weak acid salts of potassium. the use of a gasification catalyst allows the gasifier temperature to be reduced, reduces the tendency for swelling and agglomeration of caking coals and promotes gas phase methanation equilibrium. These features of the catalyst are utilized in a novel processing sequence which involves separation of product gas into methane (SNG) and a CO/H2stream which is recycled to the gasifier. the predevelopment phase of research on this process concept was completed in early 1978 and included bench‐scale research on catalyst recovery and kinetics, the operation of a 6 in diameter × 30 ft long fluid bed gasifier and supporting engineering studies.As part of the engineering programme, a conceptual design has been developed for a pioneer commercial CCG plant producing SNG from Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal. the paper reviews the status of research and development on the CCG programme and describes the conceptual design and economics for the commercial scale CCG pla

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440040206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe U‐GAS® process has been developed by the Institute of Gas Technology to produce a low‐to medium‐Btu (150 to 300 Btu/SCF) fuel gas from coal in an environmentally acceptable manner. the process accomplishes decaking, devolatilization, and gasification of coal in addition to separation of ash in a single‐stage fluidized‐bed reactor. A 24 ton per day pilot plant has been successfully operated on a variety of feedstocks including a high‐sulphur, caking Illinois basin bituminous coal. the total operating time for the pilot plant has been over 5600 h, during which more than 100 test runs have been conducted. A raw product gas having a heating value of 280 Btu/SCF and ash agglomerates containing 95 per cent ash have been repeatedly produced in the pilot plant. This corresponds to an overall gasifier coal utilization efficiency of up to 94 per cent. Recent operation of the pilot plant has firmly established process feasibility, safe and reliable operability, and provided a strong data base for the preliminary design of a demonstration plant. the U‐GAS® process has been selected by the U.S. Department of Energy and Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division (City of Memphis) for the preliminary design of a demonstration plant. the plant, proposed for construction in Memphis, will produce 50 billion Btu of an industrial fuel gas daily from 2800 tons of coal. Currently, based on successful pilot plant tests, the demonstration plant preliminary design is underway and is to be completed i

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440040207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe molten zinc chloride process is a unique hydrocracking system that converts coal to gasoline in a single step. an economically attractive process is currently under development at the one ton per day process development unit (PDU) scale. the design and economics of a plant to produce 53,000 bbl/day of gasoline with 90–92 unleaded research octane number from Western coal is discussed. the construction cost of the plant will be about 1.9 billion dollars (1979); the cost of manufacturing gasoline is about 76c/ gallon (20c/litre

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440040208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe SRC‐II process being developed by Gulf Oil Corporation under a contract with the Fossil Fuel Division of the United States Department of Energy has shown considerable promise in pilot plant work, and plans are now being made to demonstrate the process using commercial size equipment in a 6000 tons/day (T/D) plant to be located near Morgantown, West Virginia. the products (both liquid and gas) from a future large‐scale commercial plant are expected to have an overall selling price of $3·50‐4·00 per million Btu (fourth quarter 1978 basis).The major product of the primary process is distillate fuel oil of less than 0·3 per cent sulphur for use at the outset largely as a non‐polluting fuel for generating electrical power and steam, especially in the east where utilities and industry are presently using petroleum products. In such applications, SRC‐II fuel oil is expected to become competitive with petroleum‐derived fuels within the next decade. During this period, SRC‐II fuel oil should be economically attractive compared to coal combustion with flue gas desulphurization in electric utility and industrial boilers, particularly in the major metropolitan areas. For the longer term, the major growth opportunity for SRC‐II fuel oil in the generation of electric power will probably be through advanced combustion turbine units with heat recovery boilers (combined cycle units).The light liquid fractions (naphtha and middle distillate) produced by the SRC‐II process can be upgraded to a high octane unleaded gasoline blending stock to supplement petroleum‐derived supplies. Significant quantities of pipeline gas are also produced at a cost which should be competitive with SNG from direct coal gasification. Light hydrocarbons (ethane, propane) from the process may be effectively converted to ethylene in conventional cracking plants to offset ethylene demand from petroleum‐derived naphtha and gas oil, both of which could otherwise be used for other refinery products. In addition, certain fractions of the fuel oil might also be used in medium speed diesel engines and automotive gas turbines.For many of these applications, the fuel oil and other products from the SRC‐II process would displace high quality petroleum fractions, which could then be used for production of diesel fuels, jet fuels, home heating oil, and gasoline by conve

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440040209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe control of multimedia environmental impacts (air, land, water) for commercial U.S. coal synfuel facilities is briefly discussed, based on process design data and environmental standards. While environmental control technology appears to be adequate, there is a critical need for confirmatory data from large‐scale operating plants. Worker exposure to fugitive emission and the disposal of solid waste are of special concern. the major environmental impediments to the commercialization of existing coal synfuel technology are time delays, facility size limitations, and ‘non‐acceptance’ by the impacted co

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440040210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440040211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY