摘要:

AbstractThe investigations of materials presumably suitable as storage media for latent heat indicate that water, some salt hydrates and eutectic mixtures of water and salt hydrates possess extreme heats of fusion. Their melting points, ranging from about ‐50° to + 130°C, fit well for storing low grade heat in residential energy systems. Detailed experimental investigations on a large number of these media show, however, that only a few of them satisfy the quality requirments for practical application in storage units.Flexible flat‐plate storage containers especially developed for selected salt hydrates which expand on melting also show satisfactory performance over long periods of operation. In the case of water and selected water‐salt hydrate eutectics the volume increases on solidification, and the expansion of solid storage material, being very inhomgeneous, breaks even flexible containers after only a few storage cycles. This ruinous local expansion can be avoided, however, by adding a small amount of special, lower melting salt hydrate eutectics which homogenize the crystallization and solidification of the storage

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440050202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA rapidly building concensus, in the rich developed nations, is that less develped countries (LDC) should support large, costly, programmes of rapidly developing non‐oil renewable energy sources, and energy conservation. However, oil use in the LDCs is tiny in relation to that of rich nations, even if growing faster. On aper capitabase the difference is greater still. Thus conservation, as a solution to short run oil supply problems (e.g. OPEC output ceilings) is a responsibility of the nation grouping that uses and wastes most oil. Small percentage cuts by the OECD‐IEA group could provide ample supplies for the growing needs of LDCs without driving prices inevitably higher. For LDCs there are now many devices for controlling or reducing their foreign exhange spending on oil per unit import. Accelerated oil search and devlopment provides the best midterm opportunities for solving oil supply problems in LDCs especially if OPEC and rich nation loan funding and technical support are accelerated. the impetus for the necessarily costly rapid development of unconventional energy sources must and should come from the rich nation in the short and midterm, for aid‐assisted transfer to LDSs in the longer term. This will allow the scarce capital of LDCs to be utilized for non‐energy sectors where needs are immediate and cirticial, and for oil search and deve

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440050203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper reports on an investigation of the accuaracy over the first ten years of the long‐range Canadian energy forecast made in 1966 for the period 1967‐1990. In keeping with the traditional methodology of accuracy evaluation, absolute and relative measures of percentage change predictions of energy demand (total and by sector) and supply (total and by source) are examined. Several major conditions emerge among the more improtant of which are that these long‐term forecasts compare favourably with the results of similar analysis of short‐term forecasting accuracy and that there appears to be no overall bias present in the total energy forecasts (although the variance was poorly antic

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440050204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis communication presents an investigation of the thickness distribution of a given total thickness of the insulation inside and outside a thermal storage water wall for acheiving the maximum load levelling of the heat flux entering through the wall. Analysis is based on the solution of the heat conduction equation for the temperature distribution in the insulated wall subjected to periodic solar radiation and atmospheric air on one side and in contact with room air at constant temperature (corresponding to air‐conditioned rooms) on the other side. an explicit solution for a temperature distribution satisfying the apporpriate boundary conditions at the surface has been derived to obtaing a periodic heat flux through the storage water wall. It is found that for a given total thickness (cost) of insulation the thicknesses of outside and inside insulation must be equal for best load levelling. Moreover, more load levelling is achieved when the whole of the insulation is outside rather than inside the thermal storage water wal

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440050205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper define the concept of the nuclear power integrated system as a fast‐thermal one. the integration with three successive fast reactor generations is considered: first reactor genertion—LMFBR(PuO2); second reactor generation‐LMFBR(CPu); and third reacator generation—GCFBR(PuO2). A time interval of [0, 40] years is considered and the time evolution of the integrated system is followed under the following circumstances: a time delay of 15 years in the case of the first reactor generation, 20 years in the case of the second reactor generation and 25 years in the case of the third reactor generation. By applying the mathematical model of integrated systems an analysis of the three nuclear power integrated systems is made and many important conclusions of interest to decision makers are als

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440050206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMetl water available from ice caps and glaciers, such as that found in southern Greenland, can be used as a renewable resource for a largre scale hydropower project. Previous researchers have assessed the technical and economical feasibility of such a project, with the idea that harnessing this almost unlimited resource could help to solve our energy shortages. This article presents a brief state‐of‐the‐art reaview concerning resource availability, the utilization and methodology for a glacial power stations and some alternative beneficial uses for glacial melt water.Hydropower is to be harnessed by using existing melt water channels and lakes on the ice cap of southern Greenland and/or by melting a prepatterned system of channels and reservoirs into the ice cap. Natural protruding rocks (nunataks') could be used as natural dams for the reservoirs, eliminating the costly construction of artificial dams. the collected melt water is to be channelled through penstocks to fiords at sea level—a 2000 m drop—where it will feed the turbines of power plants. Water discharged from the turbines could then be pumped directly into tankers or huge plastic hoses. the latter would be towed by tugs to drought stricken areas to provide drinking and irrigation water. Furthermore, liquid hydrogen and oxygen could be generated locally from the. discharge water by electrolysis and shipped all over the world. Long distance transport of bulk energy is proposed in the form of sea cables and overland transmission lines, hydrogen gas pipelines and tankers for liquid hydrogen transport (or ammonia).The advantages of this project are: (1) an energy source which causes virtually no pollution; (2) cheap exploitation costs due to drilling, mining and other exploration and production costs being eliminated; (3) construction and transport facilities costs compatible with present U.S. energy source development; (4) pre‐planning and engineering problems can be minimized because of practical experience gained by some alpine countries; and (5) completion within twenty years, and much sooner if alternative uses of glacial melt water a

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440050207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effect of a metal sheet in the middle of a hollow concrete slab, on the thermal performance of the concrete slab has been studied; one face of the wall/roof is exposed to solar radiation and ambient air and the other is in contact with room air at constant temperature. the optimum distribution of inside and outside concrete thicknesses for maximum thermal load levelling has been obtained; it is seen that this is achived when the outer concrete thickness is as small as possbile. These result have also been compared with the results corresponding to single hollow and double hollow concrete slabs.

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440050208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440050209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440050201

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY