摘要:

The term ‘hunger’ has a variety of meanings, and numerous physiological mechanisms underlying the sensation have been proposed. This review delineates the most common uses of the term, examines methods for measuring features of the experience and critically evaluates the evidence supporting its physiological basis. In addition, the association between reported hunger and ingestive behavior in healthy and selected clinical populations is discussed. Hunger is an important psychological and physiological phenomena that exerts a strong influence on behavior. When better characterized, it should be more amenable to monitoring and manipulation for therapeutic purpo

ISSN:0257-2753    

DOI:10.1159/000171402

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Liver transplantation poses enormous and complex medical problems. Of the infective complications, bacterial infections are the commonest overall, but the single commonest is cytomegalovirus and the most deadly are the fungal infections. Therapeutic options and possibilities for prophylaxis are improving. Rejection, both acute and chronic, is the other major cause of mortality, and the balance between immunosuppression and infection is difficult. Cyclosporin treatment contributes to renal impairment, hypertension, and multitudinous potential neurological problems. The risk of long-term neoplasia is unclear. Relatively more minor is the potential for osteoporosis and metabolic complications, such as diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. Hepatitis B disease has a sizable risk of recurrence, but the most recent prophylaxis regimes have improved relapse rates. Having survived the physical problems following transplantation, most of which occur in the first 6 months, there are considerable psychosocial adjustments to be made particularly in the case of children where growth and development may have been delayed. Despite all these difficulties, liver transplantation is an expanding and optimistic area with enormous potential.

ISSN:0257-2753    

DOI:10.1159/000171403

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Medical treatment of cholesterol gall stones aims to dissolve the stones leaving the biliary tract stone-free and the gall bladder in situ. The introduction of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and contact solvent therapy with methyl tert butyl ether have revolutionised the medical management of both gall bladder stones and bile duct stones which are too large to be treated by sphincterotomy. Both approaches represent a major advance over cheno- and ursodeoxycholic acid which are effective in less than 30% of cases and require prolonged therapy. All medical treatments require a functioning gall bladder and suffer from relapse rates in the order of 10% per annum. Secondary prophylaxis is expensive and the rate of compliance and long term safety have yet to be established.

ISSN:0257-2753    

DOI:10.1159/000171404

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A comprehensive literature search was performed to collect all available data on drug-induced pancreatitis. Strong evidence for an association with acute pancreatitis has been described for anticholinesterases, calcium 2’,3’-dideoxyinosine, estrogen, L-asparaginase, salicylates, thiazide-diuretics, valproic acid, and vinca alkaloids. Weak evidence has been found for antituberculous agents, azathioprine, biguanides, cisplatinum, cyclosporine A, H2-blocking agents, loop diuretics, 6-mercaptopurine, metronidazole, pentamidine, steroids, sulfonamides, sulindac and tetracycline. Many cases were associated with underlying conditions known to induce acute pancreatitis themselves. It is concluded that for none of the drugs studied the available data are consistent enough to support a definite association with acute pancreatitis. Nevertheless, the data suggest that drugs may be a trigger or a cofactor in inducing pancreati

ISSN:0257-2753    

DOI:10.1159/000171405

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger