摘要:

The restructuring of Bulgaria's social, economic and political system includes a change in the way it handles disaster preparation and response. During the Cold War, the entire country drilled regularly in civil defense, which was under the control of the army. A recent decree and pending leg̈islation transfers civil defense from the military to the Council of Ministers, which has developed a national plan for defense against environmental hazards. This research shows that the transformation from command to market economy, plus the country's severe economic crisis, is degrading existing civil defense structures, preventing the implementation of the proposed new organization and increasing the population's vulnerability to hazards. Case studies of a small city, a petrochemical complex, coastal‐zone hazards management, earthquake hazards regulation and the Kozloduy nuclear facility demonstrate Bulgaria's increasing vulnerability to environmental hazar

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00291.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reviews the current nature of policy responses to environmental change in refugee assistance programmes. Based on a review of existing documentary material and a survey of UK‐based NGOs, it is suggested that although refugee assistance agencies are aware of environmental issues, this is rarely translated into effective policy measures to identify and combat environmental degradation. Various existing methods used to calculate environmental impacts are considered, but a number of pitfalls are identified. It is suggested that little is known about the processes that lead to accelerated environmental change in situations of forced displacement, and that research providing deeper understanding of local environments and resource management systems is required for environmental policies to be effectiv

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00292.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Beginning in 1990, the University of Arizona, Arizona Remote Sensing Center (ARSC) has been involved in a collaborative effort with the Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS) and the Remote Sensing Center of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations in designing and developing an integrated computer workstation for famine early warning. The goal of the project is to provide food security analysts with a set of computer tools to manage a very large and diverse set of data for predicting the onset of food security emergencies for every country on Earth. The initial stage of the project involved the conceptual definition of system elements and the development of overall system architecture. We are now developing an open, flexible, and portable system designed to significantly assist the work of the analysts. System architecture provides a task‐specific and user‐friendly graphic user interface (GUI) within a Windows environment that will link image processing, geographic information system (GIS), spreadsheet, text, and graphics software packages into a single operational environment. A relational database management system (RDBMS) is serving as the back‐end of the workstation to facilitate data storage and retrieval and as a means to preserve analysis methodol

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00293.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The 1972‐73 and 1984‐85 famines varied significantly among different populations within famine areas at the regional, community and household levels. Political and social factors were crucial in this pattern. Evidence from both pastoral and farming areas indicates that the development of community‐based resources may be less disruptive socially and economically and result in less morbidity and mortality than dependence on relief shelters. Areas needing further study are ident

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00294.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Food security reserve policy in Ethiopia since 1982 is reviewed in the light of the limited progress made elsewhere in Africa in establishing and maintaining such reserves. While the reserve played some role in dealing with the crisis of 1987/8, donor confidence was eroded by unauthorised drawings from the reserve and other factors. In 1992, the Ethiopian Food Security Reserve Authority was established to provide a system of management more acceptable to donors. This had led to donor pledges to replenish the reserve, though it remains well below the target level. Despite increased government commitment of funds, donor confidence remains fragile and the reserve remains dependent on donor support. The place of the reserve in national food security policy is not yet fully defined. Conclusions are drawn for food security reserve policy in Ethiopia and elsewhere in Africa.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00295.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00296.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00297.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mortality patterns from earthquakes in the United States may differ from those observed in other parts of the world. We reviewed coroner and medical examiner records for all investigated deaths from seven California counties for 15 days following the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 17, 1989 (N = 327). Data on the circumstances surrounding death were used to classify each case as directly earthquakerelated, indirectly earthquake‐related, or not earthquake‐related. Fifty‐seven deaths were judged as directly earthquake‐related. Six other deaths were indirectly related. Ten circumstances accounted for all directly earthquake‐related deaths, with the collapse of an elevated freeway accounting for 40 of these deaths. Forty‐six (80.8 per cent) of the 57 directly earthquake‐related deaths occurred in motor vehicles on public roadways. Fifty‐three (93.0 per cent) of the directly earthquake‐related deaths occurred within seconds or minutes of injury. Future earthquake deaths in the United States may best be prevented by identifying and modifying seismic hazards in earthquake‐prone regions, particularly transp

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00298.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00299.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00300.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY