摘要:

While drought is not uncommon in Zambia, the country is now facing the worst drought in history. The monetary and social costs will be enormous. Although it is too early to measure the economic and social costs of the drought on Zambia, it is obvious that the impact is catastrophic on a country whose economy is under pressure. The drought will affect the structural adjustment programme (SAP) unveiled by the new government which has embraced the market economy. The country has imported, and will continue to import, large quantities of maize and other foodstuffs, a situation likely to strain the balance of payments. Earlier targets with regard to export earnings, reductions in the budget deficit, and GDP growth as contained in the Policy Framework Paper (PFP) are no longer attainable due to the effects of the drought.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00360.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this article we review the relationship between malnutrition and mortality, and the interaction of morbidity, with the aim of clarifying the health risks of malnutrition in situations of famine and food insecurity. Apart from reviewing what is known about this relationship, we highlight areas where further research is needed. Among refugee and famine affected populations living in camps, there appears to be a close association between high rates of malnutrition and excess mortality. Results from communitybased prospective studies of malnutrition and mortality among individuals conclude that as nutritional status declines the risk of death increases, although the discriminating power of different nutritional indices and the strength of the association varies considerably in different locations and at different times. These differences are attributed mainly to the different prevailing patterns of morbidity and growth failure, which are influenced by both environmental and social factors. In situations of famine and population displacement, the deterioration in the health environment increases exposure to infection and is likely to raise the threshold of nutritional status which corresponds to an increased risk of mortality. This has important implications for nutritional assessments and interventions.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00361.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this article I set out an agenda of good practice for today's humanitarian practitioner. I first outline the distinctive political and conflict‐related features of today's complex political emergencies, and the new interventionist strategies of the international community and the United Nations in responding to them. From this description of the new operating environment faced by humanitarian practitioners since the end of the Cold War, I go on to identify a range of key skills required by today's relief workers. These include: informed political analysis; negotiation skills; conflict analysis management and resolution; propaganda monitoring and humanitarian broadcasting; a broader understanding of vulnerability to include notions of political, ethnic, gender and class based vulnerability; human rights monitoring and reporting; military liaison; and personal security and staff welfare. Finally, the article focuses on the moral skills required by today's humanitarian practitioners if they are to work out a new model of humanitarian identity and positioning which supersedes the traditional but devalued notion of neutralit

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Lack of sufficient analytical capacity in most of the countries of sub‐Saharan Africa has been frequently mentioned as a major factor limiting the effectiveness of drought management interventions. In this article we describe an approach used in Malawi for the past three years to develop a decentralized capacity to analyse drought management and disaster prevention programmes. A conceptual framework is presented which identifies the areas in which capacity strengthening is required and lessons from the Malawi experience are presented. Various issues relating to the efficiency of capacity building programmes are discussed. We argue that continuous dialogue between development researchers and decision‐makers, and between trainers in academic institutions and donor agencies, is essential for achieving the goals of improved capacity for drought management and disaster prevent

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00363.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper we describe a theoretical approach for decentralized data management in sentinel community nutritional surveillance systems for timely warning and intervention, by using customized computer programs. By making the data available at lower levels first, the decentralized data management system builds the institutional capacity at regional, level and allows rapid and appropriate action by decision‐makers. In addition, it facilitates the flow of information and strengthens the involvement of field staff. Reports from field experiences should further demonstrate the feasibility, efficacy, costs and benefits of customized data management computer program

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Over the past 25 years Central America has suffered a number of major disasters: the Managua Earthquake (1972), Hurricane Fifi (1974), the Guatemalan Earthquake (1976), the San Salvador Earthquake (1986) and Hurricane Joan (1988). These events are briefly described, with special reference to their political aspects and implications. Recognition of the political importance of disasters in Central America leads to a questioning of the traditional notion that security is essentially a matter of defending the state from outside aggression. It is suggested that the analysis of disasters should be part of the debate that is currently underway in international relations about redefining the concept of security in the post‐Cold War worl

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Field surveys were made one week after tornadoes killed 40 persons and injured over 300 in rural regions of Alabama and Georgia, USA, on 27 March 1994. Surveys were completed for samples of 20 persons who were killed and 31 persons who were in the paths of the tornadoes but survived to determine whether there were differences in personal characteristics, behavior or location between the two groups. Persons who died were significantly older than persons who survived, more likely to be in mobile homes or in rooms above ground with windows, less likely to be watching television before the tornado, and were aware of the approaching tornado for less time than survivors. There was no difference in gender, race, marital status, education, disability or previous experience with tornadoes between those who died and survivors.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY