ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1986.tb00597.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1986.tb00598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1986.tb00599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During 1985 more than 5,000 tonnes of biscuits consisting of twenty‐eight different brands were sent to Ethiopia and Sudan for emergency relief feeding. They were freely available to recognized agencies operating feeding programmes. Biscuits were popular with programme supervisors as few resources (fuel, staff and personnel) were required for their preparation and distribution. They were also popular with beneficiaries.Different aspects of biscuits were examined and characteristics considered important included: nutritional composition, acceptability to beneficiaries, packaging, the biscuit dimensions, shelf‐life and accompanying information (nutritional composition, ingredients and guidelines for use).The results of a field study indicated that biscuits have a limited, but useful, role to play in the early stages of emergency relief. Based on the study, guidelines for both donors and users, on the use of food aid biscuits were developed, which emphasize their joint responsibility in minimizing the misuse of biscu

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1986.tb00600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The crisis cannot be attributed to any one cause, but rather it was the product of a number of interacting factors whose precise combination varied between countries. Drought, internal political and economic factors and an unfavourable external economic environment were significant contributory factors. Civil war and externally financed insurgency were primarily responsible for propelling a food crisis into a famine in four out of the six worst affected countries. Within the literature, there is a tendency for writers to emphasize the relative contribution of factors within their own disciplines.So far the literature on the responses, both within country and internationally, is comprised of eye witness accounts by journalists and evaluations by aid agencies of their performance. The international response by governments and the public was massive and unprecedented, but the response by governments, indigenous NGO's and the public within affected countries is often overlooked by the journalistic literature. Generalizations about “the African food crisis” have obscured the considerable diversity amongst countries. This is well illustrated by the experiences of Ethiopia, Kenya and Botswana.This diversity indicates the biased perspectives that arise from focussing on the extreme famines, as in Ethiopia. Research priorities should include studies of systems that coped during the crisis, historical analysis of the crisis, the way early warning information is processed within bureaucratic institutions, environmental degradation and fully integrated analysis of food production and consumption syst

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1986.tb00601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper begins by setting out the main arguments on which a proposal for “relief‐development strategies” rest. The second part of the paper is concerned with a discussion of the way the objectives of a “relief‐development strategy” might be achieved and the roles emergency food aid might have. In the third part of the paper, a number of strategic issues are discussed. A stylized account is presented of how a broad “relief development strategy” might be mounted. The last part of the paper draws together the discussion by considering how emergency projects should be assessed. If the principles on which this paper are based are accepted, then the evaluation of emergency projects should extend well be

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1986.tb00602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Frustrations and failures will continue to mount if we do not immediately summon the courage to revise the ways we think and take action–as well as maintaining essential services to support life and health … Saving hundreds of thousands … who are at risk of dying from malnutrition or infection is an immediate imperative. But it must be only one stage in the progress toward other activities, and one element in the truly comprehensive approach…The main intent of this paper is to explore aspects of the nature and evolution of poverty in Sub‐Saharan Africa with special reference to food and hunger and their interaction with macro‐economic policy. An attempt is made to outline the overall context within which food aid needs to be used in order to have a greater developmental impact. Following an Introductory Section I, Section II provides a sketch map of how recession and lagging food production – with cyclical weather crises superimposed – affect the human condition of poor people. Section III reviews die interaction between “standard” IMF stabilization and World Bank structural adjustment strategies and poverty/hunger. Improvements in the design of stabilization and adjustment programmes, and of the inter‐relationship with them of emergency programmes, can be identified. A number turn on the broadened and more innovative or catalytic use of food aid. Section IV reviews aspects of facing a continuing series of emergencies and of designing life support programmes to facilitate rehabilitation of the households directly affected as well as of the national economies. From this base it explores a series of elements in achieving renewed development. The concluding Section seeks to explore the strengths, limitations and potentials of food aid in the context set by the previous sections. The standard criticisms of food aid appear to be overstated and/or to relate to particular modalities or approaches rather than to anything intrinsic. A number of criteria for improving the effectiveness of food aid – especially in respect to rehabilitation, recovery and renewed de

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1986.tb00603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper documents the rapid expansion and changes in food aid flows to Sub‐Saharan Africa up to mid‐1985.Trends for Sub‐Saharan Africa as a whole and for the more seriously affected countries are examined, as are the comparative experiences of food aid of individual countries in the region. Table 11 lists the Sub‐Saharan African countries and indicates the most seriously affected food‐short countries, as defined by the WFP/FAO task force.It should be borne in mind that some practical problems exist in compiling data on food aid. These include lack of availability of reliable data, especially of most recent data; lack of common terminology and definitions; and different accounting systems. These data problems are sometimes a source of confusion. However, the basic facts are clear: food aid gradually emerged during the early 1980s as a resource too often of considerable significance to many countries of Sub‐Saharan Africa. These trends were only accelerated with the crisis of 1984–1985. These facts provide a point of reference for further analysis of the sources of the crisis, its actual dimensions and

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1986.tb00604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY