摘要:

Over many centuries, the repeated and serious flooding of many of China's ancient cities has led to the development of various measures to mitigate the impact of floods. These have included structural measures, such as the construction of walls, dams and dykes, with tree planting for soil consolidation; installation of drainage systems and water storage capacity; the raising of settlement levels and the strengthening of building materials. Non‐structural measures include warning systems and planning for emergency evacuation. Urban planning and architectural design have evolved to reduce flood damage, and government officials have been appointed with specific responsibilities for managing the flood control systems. In view of the serious consequences of modern neglect of these well‐tried methods, this paper examines China's historical experience of flooding and demonstrates its continuing relevance for today. A brief historical survey is followed by a detailed discussion of various flood prevention measures. The paper is illustrated by city plans from ancient local chronic

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00711.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The nature of small, historic settlements in Apennine Italy is described and options for reconstructing them are discussed. Villages and towns are disproportionately vulnerable to damage by even small earthquakes, which can cause substantial changes to their distinctive character. Responses to such events are outlined, including various strategies of evacuation and the process of developing standardized methods for post‐disaster architectural survey. Rationales for demolishing damaged buildings, and their role in causing decentralization of the settlements, are discussed. The effects of temporary shelter and contemporary reconstruction plans are evaluated in terms of their impact on the changing urban landscape of such towns. Finally, inconsistencies in government reconstruction funding are shown to be responsible for much of the variability of post‐disaster recovery in Italy. Hence, existing theoretical models are of little use in predicting the course of reconstruct

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00712.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The 1985 Mexican earthquake ranks foremost amongst the major earthquake disasters of the twentieth century. One of the few positive aspects of the disaster is that it provided massive quantities of data that would otherwise have been unobtainable. Every opportunity should be taken to incorporate the findings from these data in earthquake hazard assessments. The purpose of this paper is to provide a succinct summary of some of the more important lessons from Mexico. It stems from detailed field investigations, and subsequent analyses, conducted by the author on the behalf of reinsurance companies.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00713.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the Sahel, migration is of considerable importance. It permits the peasants to adjust to variable food conditions. In areas affected by food shortages, cluster sample studies of villages showed that, as the number of recently abandoned houses in a cluster increased, the prevalence of malnutrition decreased, and this linear trend was significant (p<0.05). This phenomenon tends to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition in these areas, and it emphasizes the fact that the malnutrition rate is a late indicator when used for nutritional surveillance. The article provides also a brief description of the current migration patterns in the Sahel and underlines the effects droughts have had on them.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00714.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An earthquake registering 6.9 on the Richter scale hit the northern part of the Armenian Republic of the Soviet Union on 7 December 1988, resulting in thousands of deaths and injuries. The majority of these resulted from the collapse of inadequately designed and constructed buildings. Analysis of the effects of the Armenian earthquake on the population, as well as of the rescue and medical response, has strong implications for earthquake preparedness and response in other seismically vulnerable parts of the world. Specifically, this paper will recommend a number of important endeavours deemed necessary to improve medical planning, preparedness and response to earthquakes. Strengthening the self‐reliance of the community in disaster preparedness is suggested as the best way to improve the effectiveness of relief operations. In earthquake‐prone areas, training and education in basic first aid and methods of rescue should be an integral part of any community preparedness progra

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00717.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00718.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00719.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00720.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY