ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00944.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00945.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00946.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty‐eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discusse

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00947.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although there have been a number of recent developments in our understanding of refugee health problems that have influenced policies and action, the effects of refugees on the health status and services of host communities remain relatively neglected. This article sets out to explain why this is an important issue with implications for policy, planning surveillance and evaluation, training and research.The first sections outline some of the problems facing host governments and communities in Africa and discuss the changing rhetoric between the first and second International Conferences for Assistance to Refugees in Africa. A number of possible ways in which refugees could affect the individual, agent and environmental causes of disease are considered, as are the characteristics of the refugees, the host communities and the response which may all modify this impact.Policy implications of the impact of the refugees, both negative and positive, are discussed, and detailed consideration is given to the pros and cons of integrated and parallel approaches to health care provision. The need to monitor carefully the health status and services of host communities is emphasized and recommendations are made for this and other essential developments relating to training and research.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00948.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The occurrence of natural disasters, such as floods and earthquakes, are, in themselves, beyond oar control. However, careful preparation before such events, and the correct management of the problem once it occurs, can both lead to major redaction of the suffering involved.Disaster preparation and emergency planning are both inextricably linked to politics and economics, both on a national and an international scale. Disasters themselves raise a number of issues of a political or economic nature, and die response to a natural disaster both in the short and the long term is largely determined by the political relations within a country, and between that country and the international community.This paper examines these issues by taking the examples of the earthquake of Managua, Nicaragua in 1972 and the flooding that occurred in Nicaragua in 1982. These two natural disasters occurred under different administrations in Nicaragua, and tills allows some interesting comparisons.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00949.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1977 the Government of New South Wales introduced a flood prone lands policy which attempted to break with the past emphasis on structural works. Cornerstones of the policy were the preparation of floodplain maps, and use of the 1:100 (100 year or 1%) flood to delineate floodplains and 1:20 flood for floodway definition. The fiscal and regulatory elements of the policy were to be applied more or less uniformly within the two zones. At first there was little effective opposition to the program, but this changed when large areas of Sydney, which had not been inundated since development, were mapped. Local government concern over issues of legal liability led to decisions which in turn prompted opposition to the policy from residents' action groups and property development interests. A perceived drop in property values provided the main motivation for action by residents. This pressure for change, which intensified just before the 1984 state election, saw the policy overturned.The new policy gives local government greater responsibility for floodplain management. State authorities have withdrawn from floodplain mapping, although technical advice will continue to be provided, and there are no longer any uniform floodplain or floodway definitions. Policy implementation is to be guided by a Manual which attempts to define flood hazard in terms of both physical and social criteria.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00950.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Hurricane Iwa (23rd November 1982) produced Hawaii's costliest natural disaster and revealed serious flaws in the area's hurricane preparedness, response and mitigation programs. Twenty‐eight months later, a follow‐up study showed that impacted communities and facilities had been reconstructed with only selective and limited attention to mitigating future coastal storm hazards. Prospects for the reduction of hazard vulnerability on oceanic islands through post‐disaster mitigation measures are assessed in the light of Hawaii's exper

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00951.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three recent cases of climate extremes are studied to identify human impacts and response strategies and to identify common characteristics that may help illuminate the nature of climate hazards. The 1980 heat wave in the central United States, 1981 cold wave in Boston, Massachusetts, and recent flooding and lake level rise in northern Utah, illustrate several important aspects of climate hazards that separate them from the more traditional set of catastrophic events (e.g. tornadoes, hurricanes and earthquakes) usually dealt with by hazards research and management. Among those characteristics are an emphasis on health impacts rather than physical damage, accumulative effects rather than short shocks, a tendency for impacts to accrue to certain socio‐economic classes, and relatively slow onset. The management and research implications of these hazard characteristics are explore

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00952.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Subject to Famine: Food Crises and Economic Change in Western India, 1860–1920Why They Did Not Starve: Biocnltural Adaptation in a South Indian VillageEthiopia: The Challenge of HungerThe Economics of Bushfires: The South Australian ExperienceVictims of the Environment: Loss from Natural Hazards in the United States 1970–1980Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Count

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1985.tb00953.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY