ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00305.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Save the Children Fund in 1923 and UNICEF in 1990 both declared that children must come first in receiving relief. Whereas SCF's call was a corporate credo for the world, for use whenever disaster struck, UNICEF's was offered as a strategic policy document applicable at all times. In contrast, the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, as a legally‐binding document in the field of human rights, omitted all reference to giving such priority to children. The reason for transforming the original credo is that the principle of ‘children first’, if it includes every child and is to be applied literally in the field, is not only impracticable but unacceptable in many cultures. The social value of a particular child's life — or of human life generally — is simply not an absolute, in all circumstances, in all

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00306.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The transformation of the ethos of children's relief organisations from sentimentalism into science was reflected in the rise of nutritional science, eugenics, child psychology and child guidance. A related transition occurred in the organisational forms of child welfare organisations: with the rise of welfare states, government organisations took an increasing role. Internationally there was a move to expand the scope of charities relieving children in distress to broader strategies promoting child welfare. In this paper I consider these shifts in the case of international measures to relieve child starvation and to promote child welfare between the First and Second World Wars. I examine how health organisations had to move away from relief work and establish programmes seeking to relate the developing scientific understanding of nutrition to a range of factors affecting health.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00307.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The health of a large section of the British population was more adversely affected by the interwar Depression than was acknowledged by official sources. Particular concern was aroused by the condition of women and children. Many new charitable bodies were formed in response to this problem, and these included Save the Children Fund. This paper gives an indication of the scale of the health problem, which was particularly severe in the areas of heavy industry and high unemployment. It then considers the role of charitable organisations in drawing attention to the severity of deprivation and campaigning for appropriate responses on the part of government. Although these pressure groups were energetic and professional in their campaigning, it is conceded that in the short term they exercised only limited influence. However, it is argued that they won the intellectual contest. Finally, it is pointed out that their policies came to be accepted during World War II; thereby organisations like Save the Children Fund contributed to laying the foundations of the modern welfare state.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00308.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

When the Russian harvest failed in 1921, the economy had been devastated by years of disasters. Appeals were made to the outside world, and Save the Children was one of the main agencies to respond. Despite reservations about supporting the Soviets, a major advertising campaign was launched, raising large sums of money which were used to open feeding centres in the face of adverse climate and a devastated infrastructure. Facing some critical press coverage, the Fund used advanced media techniques to get its message across. By summer 1923, the famine was over and the Fund had succeeded in feeding up to 675,000 people.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00309.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper I explore the emotional interests maintained by the imagery of children used in Third World emergencies. Boundaries between adult and child are reproduced through relations of paternalism between North and South, such that the infantilisation of the South exemplified in imagery of children works to secure the competence and maturity of the Northern donor. Drawing on both analyses of the cultural origins and meanings of concepts of childhood and psychoanalytic perspectives, I suggest that media coverage of disasters arouses both identification and strategies to ward off and protect from the anxiety this brings. The gendered as well as geographical distribution of qualities of children's innocence and experience are discussed, drawing on both general imagery of children and recent coverage of children and child‐saving, particularly in the former Yugoslavia. Developing analyses of ‘disaster pornography’, the paper explores how children appear as the principal focal objects onto which attention is pinned and as the signifiers of distress. This is at the cost of dehumanizing both children, their families and their cultures, and rendering them passive objects of a western gaze which seeks to confirm its own agency and omnipotence to ward off its own insecurities. While aid organisations and campaigns necessarily engage with, and sometimes collude with, these reactions, the paper ends by suggesting that there may be strategies whereby images of children can function to comment on rather than maintain prevailing colonial and paternalistic rela

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00310.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper challenges the limited models of childhood, conflict and relief which determine most humanitarian interventions targeting children in conflict related emergencies. In particular, it notes the tendency of relief programmes to focus on “spectacular” groups of children (orphans, child combatants and refugees) at the expense of larger child populations indirectly affected by conflict. This relief bias is attributed to an inappropriate ‘apocalypse model’ of conflict which sees relief interventions only as repair. The bias also lies in a mistakenly universalist model of childhood and a medical paradigm which pathologizes children's experience in conflict and characterizes children as passive victims rather than active survivors. The paper argues for greater recognition of the wider social experience of children in conflict, and for relief practice which takes account of childhood resilience and children's different roles and capacities in coping with conflict. Appropriate interventions must engage with the wide variety of indigenous coping mechanisms involving children and not simply replicate a standard package of relief interventions in every emergency, based on simplistic and universalist interpretations of children's experience of c

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00311.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This time in Mozambique is a time of broken hearts … but we are working now and filling our hearts with work so like this we can begin to forget, our hearts are being calmed; there is no place in our hearts for sadness and fear any more as they are filled up with wor

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00312.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Large numbers of children get separated from their families and communities in disasters. Family tracing is an attempt to find the families and assess if the children can be reunited. This paper examines how questions about the rights of children arise in the context of family tracing. It then looks at the challenges posed by effective and child sensitive tracing to both emergency and development programmes. The paper suggests that traditional coping mechanisms within communities are part of the social infractructure which all disaster intervention, including family tracing programmes, need explicitly to build on and repair.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00313.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00314.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY