摘要:

A procedure for the numerical solution of the equations of unsteady flow on a digital computer by the method of characteristics, for application to gradually varied free surface flow problems, is presented. The initial and boundary values considered appropriate for streamflow routing are prescribed. An implicit iterative method for the treatment of frictional effects believed to be troublesome in unsteady gradually varied flows is given. The procedure is applied to the routing of a flood hydrograph through a channel. It is shown that friction forces alone can reduce flood peaks and stretch out the time base of the hydrograph and that they are responsible for the long recession tail. (Key words: Streamflow; computers, digital; hydrology.)

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i001p00123

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rates of erosion of selected clay systems were determined by subjecting molded samples to a uniform erosive force. Increased concentrations of clay minerals generally induced greater stability. Increased bulk densities, however, had little influence on stability. The influence of clay particle orientation and antecedent water content (water content at the start of the test) was not consistent but varied depending upon the clay mineral mixture. Stability increased with increased antecedent water for the Grenada silt loam and for illitic, montmoril‐lonitic, and oriented kaolinitic samples. Stability decreased with increased antecedent water for unoriented kaolinitic samples. Increased orientation of the Grenada silt loam reduced stability but did not change the influence of antecedent water. Greater erosion rates occurred as the temperature of the eroding water was increased. (Key words: Erosion; soil; clay minerals

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i001p00131

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Many water‐table and artesian wells exhibit annual cyclic fluctuations in their water levels between a maximum level in the spring and a minimum level in the summer or fall. These maximums and minimums, as well as their differences, exhibit a normal probability distribution, and the annual minimum level that will occur following the annual maximum level can be predicted within selected confidence limits. It has been found that the correlation between annual maximum and minimum levels in a particular observation well can be applied to other observation wells in the same aquifer or to observation wells in other aquifers of similar physical characteristics and with annual piezometric declines of comparable magnitude. Historical records for both water‐table and artesian observation wells in California, Indiana, Washington, and Wisconsin have been investigated. An example of this method using selected Wisconsin wells and the results of this analysis are presented. (Key words: Forecasting; groundwater; hydrology; wel

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i001p00139

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On the Walnut Gulch experimental watershed near Tombstone, Arizona, precipitation intensities at four locations were measured with adjacent recording rain gages having 6‐hour per revolution and 24‐hour per revolution time scales. Maximum intensities determined from the 6‐hour gage records were found to be significantly greater than intensities determined from the 24‐hour gage records for intervals up to 10 minutes. (Key words. Hydrology; precipi

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i001p00145

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A classic and increasingly important example of the technological externalities problem is that of a firm discharging waste into a stream, thereby inflicting damages on down‐stream users of the water. As long as there is no economic or legal incentive to do otherwise, the firm will ignore the effects of this action on others. It has been argued that, asymmetries in income distribution and administration aside, the levying of a charge and the payment of a bribe are symmetric means of internalizing to the firm the externality resulting from its discharge of waste into the stream. It is shown that this symmetry between bribes and charges does not hold when the cost and revenue functions are subject to change, unless these functions are known by the affected parties. Furthermore, a bribe will not only cause the firm to produce at least as much waste matter as under a charge alternative of the same cost but may even induce the firm to produce more waste matter than in the absence of a bribe or a charge. Our analysis deals with water pollution for the sake of exposition; the analysis can be extended readily to other situations giving rise to externalitie

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i001p00147

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

If it is accepted that the disposal of wastes uses given quantities of water at a cost or, alternatively, uses reduced amounts of water but also creates economic damages, the question immediately arises whether a charge should be made for the disposal of waste by water, just as a charge is made for public supply of water for other purposes. The American tradition is inclined toward placing upon private industry the cost of processing industrial effluents to reduce the quantity of wastes, but it relies upon streamflow standards and specific orders rather than the economic pressure of prices to control the process.Allen V. Kneese has given us an excellent picture of German practice with respect to the Ruhr Hiver [Kneese, 1964, chapter 7], where a system of effluent charges has been used with striking success to control a waste disposal problem proportionately worse than that of any major area in the United States. He makes a convincing case for a system of effluent charges as the preferable method of controlling pollution, in view of the flexibility it affords to industry and the relative ease of administration. Generally speaking, the charges to upstream installations would be equal to the economic loss caused by such pollution to all parties downstream. It is noteworthy that systems of effluent charges to industry based upon total wastes carried by effluents have recently been advocated in the northwest.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i001p00159

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i001p00165-02

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY