摘要:

The optimal policies for several discrete time control models of reservoir storage are characterized. Each characterization is exploited to simplify the numerical solution of heretofore formidable problems. Some of the results exploit analogies between multi‐item inventory theory and systems of multiple reservoirs. In particular, it is observed that the ‘linear decision rule’ label in the water resource literature ordinarily arises in contexts where either (1) a myopic policy is optimal, or (2) a multiple‐reservoir optimal release policy, as a function of the vector of reservoir contents, possesses a Jacobian matrix whose values are between zero and one. Either (1) or (2) impressively reduces the computational burden that would otherwise be

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR011i006p00767

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Several linear decision rules used in chance‐constrained models for estimating efficient reservoir capacities and operating policies are compared and evaluated. A chance‐constrained model that includes known or unknown reservoir release targets, or storage volume targets, permits this comparison, since regardless of the linear decision rule chosen, release or storage volume commitments can be made, and their maximum probabilities of failure estimated, well in advance of any period in which they apply. Optimization and simulation techniques are used to evaluate the performance of each decision r

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR011i006p00777

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A mathematical model for assessing the water supply alternatives with the reuse option is described, and its potential to yield results useful for economic analysis and policy making is explored. The results of the model for Salt Lake County, Utah, used as a case study area are shown. The relative marginal values reflecting quality and accessibility of various sources can aid in planning future water resource development. The supply curves derived from the model are useful for pricing policies. The relative locational advantages of water and waste water treatment plants enter importantly into capacity expansion decisions. The least cost solution indicates the necessity of a facility to recycle waste water for municipal use under increased demand conditions.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR011i006p00783

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Conventional benefit‐cost analysis is criticized with respect to the measurement of benefits resulting from the provision of environment‐improving capital. It is argued that a population feedback similar to the Pigovian congestion externality may tend to thwart efforts to improve quality of life unless projects explicitly plan for these external effe

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR011i006p00789

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous studies have shown that water meters for residences promote elimination of waste and increases in water rates will curtail external uses (e.g., sprinkling) of water by residences. The present study shows that large increases in water rates, even if temporary, will induce substantial, immediate, and quasi‐permanent reductions in domestic (internal) water use by residences. These reductions are effected in various ways, among them, repair of leaks and more efficient use of water‐using applian

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR011i006p00791

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A model is developed that is applicable to all agricultural land in the United States. The model includes 223 producing areas, 1891 land resource areas, and 51 water supply regions. Different cropping systems and technologies are defined for each crop and livestock system in each of 1891 land resource regions. Hence the programing model is of very large scale, since it also includes a transportation submodel and market regions. As a means of water quality improvement, limits are placed on the per acre per year soil loss as a means of reducing sedimentation and the transport of nitrogen and phosphates into streams. A nitrogen balance equation limits fertilizer purchases and forces utilization of livestock wastes in the region. The model forces a land use system and set of technologies over the country and interregionally that has soil loss unrestricted, at 10 tons per acre, at 5 tons per acre, and at 3 tons per acre. The unrestricted and 5‐ton limits are reviewed in this paper in relation to impacts on soil loss (reduced about 25%), crop distribution, technology, water use, and farm price

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR011i006p00795

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Linear programing formulations, dynamic programing formulations, and policy iteration models have all been used to solve for optimal operating rules for a single stochastic reservoir. In this paper, quantitative guidelines which discriminate between dynamic programing models and policy iteration models are developed. A judgment that stochastic dynamic programing models should be the preferred algorithm is reached.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR011i006p00801

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Income, or its surrogate, has been an important predictor of residential water use. In the case of Israel, other socioeconomic variables not collinear with income have been found to be valid predictors and increase the sensitivity of residential forecasting models. For a sample of 1892 residences in Israel, aside from income those variables found to explain a significant portion of the variation in residential water use were number of persons per family, cultural origin, education and age of the head of the household, and number of rooms per household.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR011i006p00805

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study develops an economic model of a newly designed ethylene plant to evaluate the effects of increasingly restrictive waste water treatment requirements on the costs of producing ethylene, feedstock choice, and the marginal costs of treating major pollutants. Zero discharge of pollutants to the water is attained in the model plant at a production cost increase of 6.9%. Secondary treatment of organic pollutants increases production costs 0.79% with once‐through cooling and 5.15% with recycle cooling. The controlling organic pollutants at each treatment level are identified, and estimates are made of the potential savings in waste treatment from redesign of the production facilities to reduce the raw waste loads of each pollutan

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR011i006p00810

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between the mean and the standard deviation of regional estimates of skewness for historical flood sequences is not compatible with the relations derived from several well‐known distribution function

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR011i006p00815

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY