摘要:

Several methods of allocating waste reductions among dischargers are available to water pollution control administrators. The most recent addition to this collection is the effluent charge. In this study comparisons were made among two effluent charge schemes, a least‐cost allocation and a more conventional uniform removal approach to load allocation in the attainment of several water quality improvement goals. The results indicate that the effluent charge concept should be seriously considered as a means of attaining water quality improvement and that such a scheme is capable of achieving improvements at a cost approaching that of the least costly plan. The impact on the regional economy is not expected to be significantly different under any of the schemes studied. However, the efficiency and equity characteristics of the effluent charge techniques appear superior to those of more conventional techniques. Additional studies in the application of charges are needed to cope with differential charges related to dynamic waste discharge situations, to describe discharger response more fully, and to define administrative problems and costs. (Key words: Economics; estuaries; planning; quality of water; waste disposal; water management; water resource

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i002p00291

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article describes several of the salient problems about water and the administration of water programs in West Pakistan. The separation of India and Pakistan in 1947 divided the Indus Basin, leaving three major tributaries in India and most of the irrigated lands in Pakistan. The 1960 Indus Waters Treaty provides for a series of waterworks, financed primarily by Western countries, that will reroute much of the surface water in the Basin. Part of the water allotted to India will be replaced, and hopefully there will be a more dependable water supply for the 20 million acres of land in the Province's agricultural base. There and elsewhere severe waterlogging and salinity conditions have been growing rapidly, and other water problems abound. Since 1958 a semi‐autonomous government corporation has managed these water programs, as well as generating and wholesaling most of the electric power. The corporation currently spends well over a quarter of the total provincial budget for economic development purposes. Allowing such an agency to play so predominant a role is of course a matter of conscious policy choice. It may be argued that thus far this Pakistan corporation has performed constructively in the field of water and power, resource administration. (Key words: Agriculture; economics; planning; water management; water resource

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i002p00307

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The major concern of this paper is the effect of Bureau of Reclamation Irrigation Projects on the size distribution of income and means of evaluating these effects. Estimates of the before and after project distributions of income for six recent projects are provided. These estimates are based on Bureau data on the sizes of project farms and on benefit and cost data revised by the author. A social welfare function incorporating income distribution is used to calculate welfare‐weighted benefit‐cost ratios for comparison with the revised efficiency benefit‐cost ratios normally used in project evaluation. All projects were redistributing income in the ‘right’ direction. However, only one of the six projects had a welfare‐weighted benefit‐cost ratio greater than 1. (Key words: Agriculture; economics; planning; resources; water management; wa

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i002p00319

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A digital computer program was developed for determining the optimum combination of structural and nonstructural measures for flood control according to the criterion of economic efficiency. The program may be readily applied by any agency interested in analyzing the relative merits of structural and nonstructural measures or in more rapid economic analysis of alternative channel improvement designs. It selects the optimum combination of channel improvement, flood proofing, and land use control for each portion of the flood plain during planning stages of specified duration. The program was used to relate the optimum combination of the three measures to specific flood‐plain properties. Finally, the sensitivity of the nature and the total cost of the optimum program was related for various flood‐plain conditions to variation in cost of channel improvement, cost of land use control, cost of flood proofing, right‐of‐way value, value of the coefficient relating flood damage to flood severity, value of open space preserved in an urban area, extent of aversion to irregular timing of flood damage, discount rate, population projections, and the exclusion of alternative combinations. (Key words: Flood control; flood plains; flood proofing; land use

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i002p00333

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper discusses and compares the economic effects of alternative programs for coping with flood losses. Special emphasis is placed on the use of flood insurance. Also, the measurement of land‐enhancement benefits is discussed in some detail. (Key words: Economics; flood control; insuranc

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i002p00345

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Unknown but mathematically continuous functions can be approximated by connected linear segments. The magnitude of the largest error between segmented and continuous forms is shown to be about ⅔ of the maximum difference between arc and chord of the continuous function. This magnitude decreases rapidly with increasing number of segments. Unknown operational hydrologic functions, such as unit hydrographs or water‐yield recessions, can be derived directly from observational data by the method of least squares, and the solutions for fixed segmented systems can be standardized. The form‐free segmented functions are shown to be capable of better representation of data than incorrectly assumed continuous forms. (Key words: Hydrologic systems; water yield; unit hydro

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i002p00359

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Prediction equations for hydrologic events developed from one population of observations (watersheds) are often solved for another population that is removed either in time or in space. Predictions of this kind are never certainties, although some predictions are obviously more uncertain than others. This paper proposes an empirical uncertainty classification that may be found useful for separating probably successful from probably unsuccessful extensions of prediction equations. The classification system is illustrated by a prediction equation for suspended sediment discharge developed from some watersheds in California, and by a discriminant function for marine versus nonmarine sediments based upon microelements. (Key words: Statistics; principal components analysis; linear discriminant functions).

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i002p00375

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Use is made of Laplace transforms to derive a general relationship for the moments about the origin of the three functions that appear in the convolution integral. The resulting equation can be used for the successive evaluation of the unknown moments of the instantaneous unit hydrograph from the known moments of the rainfall excess hyetograph and of the direct surface runoff hydrograph. Simplified forms of the moments equations are given for the moments of lowest orders. (Key words: Unit hydrograph; floods; streamflow)

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i002p00385

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On‐site runoff resulting from summer convective thunderstorms was studied in the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, using 6− × 12−foot plots at 2 locations, based on 5 location‐years of data from 34 storms. Average runoff increased as precipitation quantity increased, decreased as crown spread of vegetation increased, and decreased as antecedent soil moisture increased. In a stepwise multiple linear regression equation, these independent variables accounted for, respectively, 72, 3, and 0.5% of the prediction variance. Considering regression equations for any one location‐year, storm amount or intensity always was significant, crown spread usually was significant, and antecedent soil moisture rarely was significant. In simple correlations, antecedent soil moisture was never related significantly to runoff. The equations developed appear valid for a set of thunderstorms with at least one‐sixth of maximum 5‐minute intensities exceeding 3.7 inches per hour. (Key words: Hydrology; runoff;

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i002p00389

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A description is given of the U.S. Lake Survey method of forecasting Great Lakes water levels. The method, in general, consists of determining a level for each month of a 6‐month forecast period on each of the Great Lakes by routing a predicted volume of water (Net Basin Supply) to each of the Great Lakes basins. The technique employed in prediction of the volume of the water consists of using multiple linear regressions based upon U.S. Weather Bureau precipitation and temperature data as predictors for the first month and trend predictors for the second through the sixth month. This technique results in forecasting of lake levels on the average from 15 to 40% closer to the recorded lake levels, in comparison with the technique that utilizes the long‐term average volume of water as the basis of projection. (Key words: Forecasting; water supply; Great La

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i002p00397

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY