摘要:

Comprehensive water resource planning formulates optimal programs, largely investment programs, in a systems context through use of principles of production and allocation economics and operations research. The planning problem entails maximization of an objective function, subject to constraints and to the production function. System design consists of derivation of three fundamental relationships—the cost‐input, benefit‐output, and output‐input functions—and their application to the system under study. The process of system design at field level consists of three major elements: preparation for planning; performance of basic physical, economic, and social studies; and formulating system designs, which in turn involves preliminary screening of development alternatives and detailed systems analysis of the alternatives that survive the screening. Major new techniques of analysis, typically computer oriented, include (1) optimal scheduling methods for the planning task, such as the Critical Path Method and its variants; (2) regional input‐output analysis to derive regional economic projections; (3) improved theoretical models and practical methods of data analysis for deriving benefit‐output functions, including those for flood prevention, outdoor recreation, and domestic and industrial water supply; (4) models for generating synthetic streamflow sequences and stochastic storage‐yield functions; (5) linear programming and rough simulation techniques for preliminary screening of development alternatives; and (6) detailed simulation analyses and response‐surface sampling for derivation and study of final system designs. Some of the new techniques can be used feasibly in current planning; others require further development and testing before they can be put

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR001i002p00147

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Adjustments of water between uses and areas of use is essential for the public interest in economic efficiency because of changing demands for water, differential rates of regional growth, and limited supplies. The physical aspects of water supplies give rise to rather complicated legal rules regarding property right management, particularly where transfers of ownership are attempted between uses and areas of use. Transfers entail effects on third party users, and the present legal restrictions on transfers do not lead to an economically efficient use of water. Application of marginal efficiency conditions to a water transfer and consideration of physical interrelatedness effects indicate that present procedures take into account protection of losers but do not allow for compensation from third party ‘gainers.’ Conclusions from an economic analysis of the transfer problem indicate that the benefits from the interrelated use before and after the transfer must be taken account of in specification of legal rules. Adoption of such rules would be necessary for efficient market allocat

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR001i002p00165

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Savings in treatment costs to municipal water treatment plants downstream result directly from improved municipal sewage treatment upstream. The maximum return per additional investment dollar is from primary to secondary sewage treatment. The ratio of cost savings to the costs of additional treatment varies between negligible and 0.10. The quantity of withdrawal for municipal water supply required to justify additional upstream treatment costs is of the order of from 16 to 250:1 for small sewage treatment plants and from 10 to 30:1 for large sewage treatment plants, if in‐place use and stream quality are of minor importance. If clean streams are desired, the costs of maintaining high stream quality must therefore be justified by in‐place uses, such as for recreation and fish and wildlife preserves. In areas where reclamation of municipal waste effluents is feasible, present emphasis on maximizing stream assimilative capacity through minimum waste treatment is poor utilization of water resour

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR001i002p00173

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A comparison is presented of monthly evapotranspiration data obtained by various methods for the valley of the Ruzizi (Eastern Congo Republic). Best agreement was noted for evaporation, as measured with a pan and calculated with Penman's equation. The Blaney‐Criddle and the Thornthwaite methods did not have an adequate response to changes in evaporation potential, since temperature and day length varied little. Some improvement was observed with the Blaney‐Morin method, which includes a humidity fac

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR001i002p00187

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

All available reports of rainfall interception by hardwoods of the eastern United States were reviewed and, where possible, combined. Results from these independently designed and analyzed experiments showed that hardwood throughfall and stemflow vary over a surprisingly narrow range. Combined regression analysis describes the relation between inches of gross rainfall (P), throughfall (T), and stemflow (S) for summer asT= 0.901P‐ 0.031,S= 0.041P‐ 0.005; for winter asT= 0.914P− 0.015,S= 0.062P‐ 0.005. These equations can be modified for specified forest conditions or for use with seasonal rainfall. Fifteen standard gages were found necessary to sample the growing season throughfall within 5% error limits, and 6 were necessary for the dormant season. Hardwood litter interception, studied inadequately in most parts of the east, amounted to 2 to 5% of the annual rainfall in the southern Appalachians. Applicability of equations to research and to practical problems is discussed as well as need for further r

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR001i002p00193

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A differential transformer recording system, measuring changes in the level of the zinc chloride solution used to float sensitive lysimeters measuring evapotranspiration and dew, recorded errors arising from temperature changes in the solution. Since zinc chloride has certain advantages for use in floating the lysimeters, various methods were devised for compensating for these errors. Although complete correction was not obtained, the temperature errors were reduced to insignificant values with the use of a double float in a stilling well radially divided.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR001i002p00207

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A local severe storm was studied to determine the feasibility of using storm survey techniques on small areas. The areal distribution of storm rain amounts was well defined. An indirect measurement of peak runoff was made, and a probable hydrograph was synthesized for a 1030‐acre watershed near the storm core. The survey technique is recommended as a supplement to the more conventional hydrologic research method

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR001i002p00219

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The digital computer program based on water balance methods and known as the Stanford Watershed Model was used to develop a long‐term continuous hydrograph (1905–1963) for Morrison Creek, Sacramento County, California. By varying constants describing the physical conditions within the watershed according to the amount of urban development and channel improvement within the tributary area, a number of continuous hydrographs were developed. A set of curves was developed from these hydrographs that made possible an estimate of flood peak by frequency for any combination of percentage of area urbanized, percentage of channels improved, and tributary area. An analysis was also made of the effects of urban development on runoff volumes and on the distribution of runoff during the y

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR001i002p00223

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A statistical model of turbulence for two‐dimensional uniform flow in open channels is developed, and this model is used to derive the vertical velocity profile. This profile is defined by a three‐parameter hyperbolic function, with two parameters reflecting the effect of bed roughness and fluid viscosity on the shape of the profile. The third parameter is the mean velocity in the vertical. The hyperbolic function is fitted to velocity data for water in natural channels, a laboratory flume, and air in a wind tunnel. A brief comparison of the hyperbolic function with the logarithmic function is gi

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR001i002p00235

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Temperature and hydrostatic pressure disrupt the structure of sea water; both the bulk order and the local order in the hydration atmospheres of ions are affected. These structural changes in turn affect transport processes such as electrical conductivity and viscous flow.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR001i002p00263

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY