摘要:

This serves as an introduction for the following sequence of five papers on interactive water resources and environmental management, policy modeling, and model use. We review some important shortcomings of many management and policy models and argue for improved human‐computer‐model interaction and communication. This interaction can lead to more effective model use which in turn should facilitate the exploration, analysis, and synthesis of alternative designs, plans, and policies by those directly involved in the planning, management, or policy making process. Potential advantages of interactive modeling and model use, as well as some problems and research needs, are discus

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR021i002p00095

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper discusses an interactive modeling system to support policy analysis for dealing with flood hazards. Policy analysis in this area is complex due to numerous stakeholders with varying concerns, the variety of scenarios that might be considered, and alternative policy options. These conditions require that a modeling system be flexible and support users in a variety of ways. The system should be viewed as a decision aid rather than a burden. The modeling system described in this paper attempts to achieve these goals for microanalytic models that deal with samples of homeowners in a flood‐prone communit

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR021i002p00105

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper speculates on the potential impacts of our increasing access to and use of computer technology and communication, especially with respect to planning and policy making. The focus of the discussion is on the interaction between the users of this expanding technology and the technology itself. Those involved in its development, whether it be the hardware or software of this technology, are in a position to make substantial contributions toward a more effective use of the models and their data bases by planners and policy analysts. Specific features of the technology and of environmental planning and policy‐making processes are examined to identify where and how interactive computer‐based models and associated hardware can best serve individuals, their organizations or institutions. Finally, the necessary conditions for the successful implementation of such tools and methods are identif

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR021i002p00114

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works in Melbourne, Australia operates two principle models of its water supply system. The first of these is a headworks model that simulates the major reservoirs and transfer mains of Melbourne's water supply system. This model uses monthly data for both the long‐term planning of the water supply system and in assisting in operational decisions regarding transfers of water between headworks storages. The second model is a network model that solves for heads and flows within Melbourne's water supply distribution system. The model can be run over a 24‐hour period and is used for investigating ways of improving the distribution of water within the system and for assisting and training operational staff. This paper describes the application of this network model to Melbourne's water supply system, including the implementation of computer graphics techniques. Examples demonstrating the application of color graphics to different parts of the system are given together with a discussion of the present integrated modeling, operation, and telemetry capability. The models will be continually modified and improved as both new systems are added to Melbourne's water supply system and greater knowledge of the existing system is ained. The implementation and use of the 24‐hour network simulation program by the Board has already resulted in a current savings in excess of $30 million. This is more than six times the total cost of the modeling and telemetry system. Future benefits are expected to add to this sa

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR021i002p00123

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Since the mid‐1970's, a number of research projects at Cornell University have focused on the development and application of interactive models and computer programs for studying water resources and environmental management problems. These models and programs have been adapted for use with computer graphics display devices. This interactive computer‐aided planning system has been designed to facilitate data input, editing, and display; model building and solution; and analysis and synthesis of alternative resource management plans or policies. This paper discusses the approaches taken for managing and displaying data that are needed for, and derived from, this interactive modeling system. Several applications are presented and some conclusions on how such systems might be developed or expanded in the future are propo

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR021i002p00131

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An interactive, policy‐oriented simulation and information system including videographics is introduced. The system is designed as a tool for learning about large, complex, regional environmental systems. A high degree of flexibility is achieved through the use of simple modules, describing elements of the system at various levels of detail and resolution. Background information from a historical data base drives the default evolution of the system. Alternative courses of action can be simulated at various hierarchical levels of management or policymaking. An interactive, dialogue‐oriented, user interface controls the simulations and the display of results, including videographics with geographical or statistical information. The approach is discussed in terms of a pilot application project, dealing with a lake‐watershed system having conflicts between water quality and regional development

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR021i002p00143

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The major water policy events beginning with the 1950's are reviewed with respect to their bearing on proposed changes in the much criticized federal policies for nonfederal cost sharing. The cost‐sharing proposals of the Carter and Reagan administrations are reviewed. These proposals are discussed with respect to theoretical economic efficiency and political equity. Both sets of proposals represented improvements over the traditional system. However, both were defeated because of political oppositio

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR021i002p00153

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Steady state groundwater flow systems can be described by means of either potentials or stream functions. If the objective is the definition of migration paths and the identification of hydrogeologic parameters in the context of a contaminant transport study, stream functions can give results that are both more useful and more accurate than those obtained with potentials alone. In this paper the dual theory that links potentials and stream functions is reviewed with a focus on physical relevance in practical situations, and a dual finite element solution is developed. Advantages of the dual method, including the ease with which advective transport components can be evaluated, are discussed. It is shown by means of an example that the stream function solution can give superior accuracy in the definition of the velocity field required for transport simulations. A companion paper deals with a case study.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR021i002p00159

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The dual formulation of flow in terms of potentials and stream functions is applied to a groundwater system containing a well‐monitored chloride plume. It is found that field measurements of head alone, regardless of detail, are not sufficient to arrive at a description of the flow system that is meaningful within the context of a contaminant transport modeling study. Problems identified include the incompatibility of the time‐specific hydraulic data with the longer time frame of the transport phenomenon and the susceptibility of the potential solution to numerical error. In overcoming these problems, plumebased data are used in the dual model of potentials and stream functions to determine the hydrogeologic parameters that are needed for the description of the flow system in a transport model. A companion paper reviews the underlying the

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR021i002p00170

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As a rule, a groundwater aquifer consists of materials whose characteristics vary in space. On account of the uncertainty in determining these characteristics and their variation in the field and also for the sake of parsimony, it is often desirable to assume that the aquifer may be considered homogeneous and uniform; in other words, the prototype is modeled by an equivalent homogeneous and uniform aquifer with a set of effective parameters, which displays the same flow characteristics. To study the applicability of this concept, a Monte Carlo technique was used in the simulation of unsteady gravity drainage from a large unconfined aquifer. For given criteria of hydraulic equivalence applied to the outflow rate, effective parameters (hydraulic conductivity and drainable porosity) were obtained, hose variation was studied. It was found that only under certain conditions is it possible to define a single set of effective parameters to reproduce the median outflow hydrograph. The effective parameters were found to depend on both the distribution of the hydraulic conductivity and its spatial correlation.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR021i002p00183

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY