摘要:

A model is given for sewerage planning which extends over a region controlled by a number of local governments, whereas the total grant allocated to this region is preassigned by the central government. A regional linear programing model is first set up, and using a method of decomposition, it is shown that this method itself is a decision‐making process in which information is exchanged between two levels, the central and local governments. It is shown that the aforementioned decision making process can be applied in grant allocation problem

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR017i003p00449

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Existence of underutilized resources has been recognized as important in the evaluation of the economic cost of water resource development projects. Recent concern with socioeconomic impact during project construction has reemphasized the importance of the level of local resource utilization in project assessment procedures. This paper surveys the consideration of underutilized resources in the economics literature, reviews several empirical attempts to measure the importance of the phenomenon, and develops a conceptual framework within which to examine the issue. The proposed conceptual framework provides guidance in interpreting existing empirical work and identifies promising lines of future research.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR017i003p00455

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using a computer model to simulate effective rainfall, it is shown that a flexible rainfed cropping system based on a legume crop planted before rice has a greater expected return than present subsistent rainfed cropping systems. Combining a legume crop intercropped with cassava or kenaf further increases the expected returns yet maintains the stability of the new system. Further research is required to bring the farmer's yields up to match experiment station results and to facilitate effective transfer policies.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR017i003p00462

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A model is described that compares allocations of land uses in terms of aggregate economic rent, taking specific account of the interdependence between floodplain land uses and upstream land uses. Solution of this model by dynamic programming for the Hickory Creek watershed suggests that some restriction of land uses in the floodplain, but not for all subbasins, and some provision of detention, but not for all subbasins, is preferable to the results likely from implementation of typical policies for floodplain management. Determination of target land use patterns through allocation models that account for the interdependence may therefore be worthwhile if policy instruments can be developed so that such targets can be attained.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR017i003p00469

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The weighted discount rate for cost‐benefit analysis is derived from a general formulation of the benefit and cost streams. The conditions under which the simple weighted discount rate procedure can be used are specified. Assuming that some private investment which would have generated a perpetual return is foregone to finance a public expenditure and assuming that the returns to the foregone private investment cannot be reinvested, the weighted discount rate can be used if there are costs only in the initial time period and a perpetual stream of benefits beginning in the next time period. Otherwise, the more general formulation must be use

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR017i003p00478

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents an algorithm based on the principle of progressive optimality for determining the optimal short‐term scheduling of multireservoir power systems; the method takes into account water head variations, spilling, and time delays between upstream and downstream reservoirs. The method is computationally efficient and has minimal storage requirements. The convergence is monotonic and a global solution is reached. Contrary to dynamic programing, the state variables do not have to be discretized with this method. An example consisting of four hydroplants in series is solved, and the results are presente

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR017i003p00481

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One hundred and forty residents of Irvine, California, were interviewed to assess their knowledge, evaluation, and recommendations regarding the use of reclaimed water in their community for an ornamental lake, for golf course irrigation, for agricultural irrigation, for park and playground irrigation, and for common residential lawn irrigation. Additionally, their attitudes toward future use of reclaimed water for drinking, not presently planned for Irvine, were also assessed. Results showed that more than half of the respondents were generally aware of reclamation in Irvine, but more than half were not aware of the details involved. Once specific uses were outlined for the less informed, the responses of all respondents to the specific reclamation and reuse projects now underway in Irvine were very positive. Most respondents recommended continuing existing uses rather than expanding or reducing the current reclamation project. Furthermore, most respondents were not in favor of using reclaimed water for drinking in the future. The Irvine findings confirm earlier, more general findings that indicated that the public will accept moderate contact uses of reclaimed water in their own community, and it is recommended that reclamation projects be initiated in this manner.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR017i003p00487

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Water quality data for 65 variables were obtained for the period 1955–1977 and aggregated on a county basis. Measurements were taken primarily for streams in New England, the Middle Atlantic States, and Ohio. When a subset of 138 counties with complete data was used, it was found that county aggregation statistical procedures resulted in data which describe known chemical characteristics of natural waters. Energy and socioeconomic data were merged with water quality data for these 138 counties. A path diagram was proposed to provide insight into possible causal relations between energy production and consumption activities and water quality. Direct and indirect pathways from energy production and use were traced to three factors characterizing water quality: specific conductance, hardness, and dissolved metallic ions. This analysis explained 25–40% of the variance in three water quality factors and indicated the applicability of this technique to regional assessments of water quality impacts due to a range of human activit

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR017i003p00491

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two methods of modeling a higher‐order approximation function of soil moisture transport by an improved linear trial function approximation are presented. The first approach considered is based upon use of the alternation theorem and a finite element capacitance matrix that incorporates the Galerkin finite element, subdomain, finite difference, and proposed nodal domain integration methods. The second approach extends the first approach by developing a temporal relationship for element matrices such that a higher‐order approximation function can be modeled by a linear approximation function. Comparison of model results produced from a nodal domain integration model incorporating these improved linear trial function approximations to the finite element, subdomain, and finite difference methods indicates that this approach may lead to a generalized modeling method for soil moisture transport probl

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR017i003p00504

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A batch method has been modified and improved for measuring strontium distribution coefficients KdSrfor sediments from the shallow aquifer at Chalk River. An average measured KdSrvalue of 10 ml/g for whole aquifer sediments compares favorably both with a field value of 7 ml/g determined using the retardation equation and with an average KdSrof 10 ml/g based on analytical results for aquifer sediments and coexisting groundwaters from a portion of the flow system that is contaminated with90Sr. Measurements of KdSrfor mineralogically pure segregates indicate that vermiculite, an alteration product of biotite, is the most effective adsorbent phase. KdSrresults for grain size fractions suggest that the distribution of minerals with respect to grain size may strongly influence the KdSrof the whole sediment. Relationships between KdSrand exchangeable calcium on the sediments and competing cation concentration in the test solution indicate that electrostatic forces primarily control the sorption of strontium.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR017i003p00513

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY