摘要:

This paper first examines three methods currently used for apportioning the costs of joint waste water treatment facilities among users. The methods are cost sharing based on the measure of pollution, cost sharing based on single plant costs with a rebate proportional to the measure of pollution, and cost sharing based on the separable costs remaining benefit method. Through the use of numerical and theoretical arguments it is demonstrated that often these methods do not provide an apportionment that satisfies all the people involved and that a potential participant may find it economically advantageous not to join the regional plan and may thereby force the adoption of a system that is, in total, more costly. These difficulties will frequently arise when any plan is subjected to the pressures of ‘free market‘ bargaining. Two additional methods relying on game‐theoretic concepts are then introduced to deal with the problem. These methods, which are practical, can satisfactorily solve problems that are not tractable when other techniques are used. Also, the basically perverse characteristics of situations requiring cost sharing are demonstrated by using the bargaining methods to prove that some cost‐sharing problems have no unique solutions and that others have no viable solution at all unless the regional authority can obtain a

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i005p01133

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Public opinion in California regarding water supply augmentation, preference for new sources of water, and the basis for this preference was assessed along with knowledge of new sources. Data were obtained by a survey of 100 respondents from each of 10 selected communities. The results indicated that most respondents were not convinced that water supply augmentation was needed, that knowledge of new sources was incomplete, and that imported surface water and desalinized water were the first preferences for new supply primarily because of perceived abundance.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i005p01145

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper discusses some new water allocation policies that maximize expected profit when the central authority controlling a reservoir faces deterministic demand functions and a stochastic supply of water. The demand functions are distinguished by price and a guaranteed probability of receiving water. A penalty cost is incurred if the guaranteed probability of delivery is not met by the reservoir manager. The demand functions could represent, for example, consumers of water for the purposes of hydroelectric power, recreation, irrigation, and dilution for pollution control. The optimal contract policies (optimal prices and associated optimal guaranteed delivery probabilities) are characterized. The analysis shows that the use of price discrimination may be superior (Pareto's law) to a uniform contract for all consumers of water. The results are illustrated by a stochastic model of two classes of water consumers.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i005p01151

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A rudimentary social accounting system has been developed that is shown to be applicable to actual data. Methodology is suggested for a technique that can ultimately within one comprehensive framework systematically catalog all surface water in terms of social value, recognize the periodic increases and decreases in the water quality of each area, and provide a basis for evaluating alternative water use programs in terms of social and human welfare. The development of the system would involve defining a socially oriented quantifying unit, identifying the pollution factors and the water users, and designing a method to translate the hardship of the polluting factors on the water users in terms of the quantifying unit. Accounting statements are shown that can report the status of pollution at specified dates as well as pollution changes over time.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i005p01159

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The multistage capacity expansion of a municipal water treatment system is investigated to determine the sizes of new treatment plants and the times at which these new plants are added to the system. The capital and operating costs of these plants are given by concave functions reflecting economies of scale available with an increase in capacity. To determine the optimum sizes and installation times of the new plants, this expansion problem is formulated as a dynamic programing model.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i005p01178

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Preliminary production functions are identified for alternative land treatments on Beaver Creek watersheds in northern Arizona. These treatments are designed to increase water yield within a multiple use framework that includes timber, wildlife habitat, herbage, recreation, sediment, and environmental quality. Total, average, and marginal economic concepts are used to demonstrate the most efficient way to manage an area for one output. Even without price information, a range of ‘best’ input combinations can be identified. To determine how an area can be managed for multiple products in the most efficient way, product‐product functions were developed for water, timber, and herbage for five strip cutting alternatives. These functions indicate the supplementary, complementary, and competitive outputs obtained from a given expenditure. To account for the dynamic nature of production in the National Forests, outputs and costs were evaluated over a 90‐year

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i005p01188

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Groundwater elevation, soil moisture, and precipitation were monitored to evaluate the components of water loss from two greasewood‐cheatgrass (Sarcobatus vermiculatus‐Bromus tectorum) communities in south central Washington. Annual evapotranspiration was 21–25 cm, 18–31% of which was the transpiration of groundwater. The greatest loss from the system was the evapotranspiration of stored soil moisture, but this moisture was unavailable to greasewood. This study confirms that water use rates are a function of depth to water up to 2.3 meters, but indicates a more complicated mechanism at depths of up to 13 meters. Shrub height, canopy coverage, and total leaf surface area are inversely related to depth to water, and the rate of water use is in turn directly related to these plant‐associated

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i005p01199

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A model is presented for calculating the daily evaporation rate from a crop surface. It applies to a row crop canopy situation in which the soil water supply to the plant roots is not limited and the crop has not come into an advanced stage of maturation or senescence. The crop evaporation rate is calculated by adding the soil surface and plant surface components (each of these requiring daily numbers for the leaf area index), the potential evaporation, the rainfall, and the net radiation above the canopy. The evaporation from the soil surfaceEsis calculated in two stages: (1) the constant rate stage in whichEsis limited only by the supply of energy to the surface and (2) the falling rate stage in which water movement to the evaporating sites near the surface is controlled by the hydraulic properties of the soil. The evaporation from the plant surfacesEpis predicted by using an empirical relation based on local data, which shows howEpis related toEothrough the leaf area index. The model was used to obtain the total evaporation rateE=Es+Epof a developing grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL.) canopy in central Texas. The results agreed well with values forEmeasured directly with a weighing lysimeter.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i005p01204

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An evaluation was made of the combined effects on airborne radiation thermometer (Art) readings in the 8–14 μm region of the emissivity of the water whose surface temperature is being measured, the infrared radiation from water vapor and carbon dioxide in the optical path, and the radiation reflected from the surface of the water. The water vapor and carbon dioxide in the optical path beneath the aircraft contributed 10–25% of the measured radiation; gaseous radiation reflected from the water contributed 0.1–0.6%. Radiation emitted from an overcast cloud layer (other than cirrus) and reflected from the water increased the Art reading by 0.5°C. The environmental adjustment reduced the root‐mean‐square difference between Art readings and a ship bucket thermometer from 1.7 to 0.6°C for 27 cases. A simple rapid graphic method based on the theoretical model was used on 51 cases at different aircraft heights and widely varying meteorologic conditions and produced a similar

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i005p01214

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

How should data be selected for use in costly environmental simulation models? For a particular problem, namely, thermal pollution, the question becomes, What combination of meteorologic conditions should be used to simulate the thermal stress on an estuary under natural or man‐made heat loadings? Practical and standard approaches are required to select study conditions to support the preparation of expert testimony. A method combining computer simulations with series approximations is proposed. Three important parameters, wind speed, solar radiation, and dew point temperature, that influence the diurnal water temperature variation are considered in using the proposed analysis. Over 15 years of daily records of summer conditions at the weather station at Miami, Florida, are used to demonstrate the methodology. A Taylor series approximation is used to fit simulated responses in order to relate the probability of all days to the average day for the period studied. The technique should provide a tool for incorporating probability analysis into the study of thermal pollution in receiving waters. As a coarse approximation this approach can also be used for direct prediction of ambient water temperatures, very slight computer costs being invoked. The approach is adaptable to other environmental simulation

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i005p01226

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY