摘要:

Israel faces a situation of a limited amount of water supply and increasing demands. Since agriculture uses a large fraction of the water available in this country, one potential policy is to reduce allocations of water to agriculture in order to permit the growth of use in other sectors. Estimates of the total loss in income to agriculture from reduction in current allocations are made by using a linear programing model. These are to be taken as guideline estimates only.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR013i006p00865

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The capital cost function of a surface water treatment plant has been estimated in a few past studies, of which the best known are a study by Orlob and Lindorf and another by Koenig. The present study presents an estimate of the capital cost function of a surface water treatment plant and estimates of the plant's major components which have hitherto been unavailable in literature. The results of the past studies indicated economies of scale, but the results of the present study show small but positive diseconomies of scale in the capital cost of a plant with a capacity in a range of 1–12 mg

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR013i006p00873

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper develops and applies a stochastic model for internalizing pollution externalities. Pollution occurs or does not, depending on factors related to a stochastic environment and human error. But the probability of pollution can be altered by adopting various technologies. The model is applied to the problem of effluent runoff from dairies near the San Francisco Bay, which can prevent shellfish harvest in the bay. With runoff holding areas, pollution occurs if a rainstorm is severe enough to cause overflow. Standards rather than taxes are used as policy instruments in the model. Results generally indicate that an accurate approximation of stochastic distribution is a necessity. Specific implications for the dairy problem are that present regulations are too lenient.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR013i006p00877

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A report on and an analysis of a survey of individuals' willingness to pay for water pollution abatement in the MerrimackRiverBasin are presented. The survey included 200 residents of the basin; data were collected on socioeconomic attributes of the respondents as well as their willingness to pay and their expected use of a clean river. The average (mean) willingness to pay for pollution abatement in the basin was found to be fairly high, about $12.00/yr per person. Home ownership, increases in income, and family size were all related to increased willingness to pay.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR013i006p00882

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A method called linear programing gradient (LPG) is presented, by which the optimal design of a water distribution system can be obtained. The system is a pipeline network, which delivers known demands from sources to consumers and may contain pumps, valves, and reservoirs. Operation of the system under each of a set of demand loadings is considered explicitly in the optimization. The decision variables thus include design parameters, i.e., pipe diameters, pump capacities and reservoir elevations, and operational parameters, i.e., the pumps to be operated and the valve settings for each of the loading conditions. The objective function, to be minimized, reflects the overall cost capital plus present value of operating costs. The constraints are that demands are to be met and pressures at selected nodes in the network are to be within specified limits. The solution is obtained via a hierarchial decomposition of the optimization problem. The primary variables are the flows in the network. For each flow distribution the other decision variables are optimized by linear programing. Postoptimality analysis of the linear program provides the information necessary to compute the gradient of the total cost with respect to changes in the flow distribution. The gradient is used to change the flows so that a (local) optimum is approached. The method was implemented in a computer program. Solved examples are presented.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR013i006p00885

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rapid‐response instrumentation mounted on a fixed tower located centrally in a strongly heated cooling pond at a nuclear power facility has enabled evaluation of the turbulent fluxes of momentum, moisture, and sensible heat. The results agree well with evaluations based on stability‐corrected bulk aerodynamic formulations, provided all atmospheric measurements are made close to the water surface and in a location with adequate upwind fetch. The bulk formulae are those that have been verified recently over more extensive water surfaces, with a minor modification based on the finding that the surface of the cooling pond appears to be significantly smoother than that of open oc

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR013i006p00901

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A simplified form of the equilibrium model of evaporation predicts evaporation from six subarctic and tundra surfaces with an accuracy of 8%. Input data to the model are net radiation, screen air temperature, and an evaporability factor characteristic of the surface. The radiation and energy balances of the six surfaces are compared.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR013i006p00909

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Measurements of the energy budget of a pine forest were made on 70 days when the canopy was wet. Out of 245 20‐min periods when the canopy was wholly wet, 173 were occasions when the latent heat flux exceeded the net radiation, the additional energy being provided by a downward flux of sensible heat. Under the same level of radiation the average rate of evaporation of intercepted precipitation has been found to be three times the average rate of transpiration, so that the loss by evaporation of intercepted precipitation is only partly compensated by the suppression of transpiration. It is concluded that reliable estimates of the water resources of forested areas require a separate calculation of the interception and transpiration components of the total evaporation los

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR013i006p00915

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The occurrence and amount of fallout137Cs were determined in 12 watersheds in the arid southwestern United States. The factors believed to influence the distribution of137Cs in the watershed soils and in the reservoir sediments were investigated by using stepwise regression techniques. Seventeen parameters, in the case of soils, and 21 parameters, in the case of sediments, were used in the study. Ninety percent of the variation in the137Cs content of soils, per unit weight, could be predicted in terms of the percentage of soil nitrogen, theRfactor (rainfall intensity) of the universal soil loss equation, the percentage of sand in the soils, and the soil cation exchange capacity. Also, 90% of the variation in the content of137Cs in the watershed soils, per unit area, could be predicted in terms of the fallout intensity, the percentages of silt and clay, and the cation exchange capacity. For reservoir sediments the equivalent predictors of137Cs accumulation in the sediment profile, per unit weight, were the soil cation exchange capacity, the January–March average precipitation, and the soil contents of total P and N. The distribution Of137Cs in sediments per unit area was similarly predicted by watershed area, percentage of total soil C, reservoir surface area, areal concentration of137Cs in the watershed soils, and soil organic matte

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR013i006p00923

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Balance laws and constitutive relations are developed for convective hydrothermal (liquid water and liquid water–steam) geothermal reservoirs. A fully interactive rock‐fluid system is considered; typical rock‐fluid interactions involve momentum and energy transfer and the dependence of rock porosity (and permeability) upon the fluid and rock stresses. The geologic stress‐strain behavior treatment permits the nonlinear and history‐dependent constitutive behavior of the material to be properly taken int

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR013i006p00929

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY