摘要:

One hundred residential consumers were interviewed in each of nine selected San Francisco Bay area water districts during the summer of 1977. Results showed that the water conservation and rationing programs mounted by these water districts were generally judged quite fair and effective by consumers. Fairness concerns focused upon allotments based upon people, and effectiveness concerns centered upon clarity and communication of the conservation plan. Data on water use showed the rationing programs to be very effective. A belief that the drought was a harbinger of the need for long‐term residential water conservation was most highly related to actual consumption. A majority of residents favored local rather than regional water conservation program

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i006p01297

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A dynamic planning model is presented for the optimal management of groundwater quality in regional aquifer systems. The groundwater system is conjunctively managed as a water supply resource and as a storage reservoir for waste water residuals. The waste waters are discharged to the groundwater basin through injection wells. Within the groundwater system, constituents are assumed to follow first‐order chemical or biochemical reactions and linear equilibrium adsorption. The Galerkin finite element method is used to transform the flow and mass transport equations of the aquifer system into systems of ordinary differential equations which are imbedded as constraint equations in the planning model. The mathematical model, which is structured as a nonconvex programing problem, allows the planner or resource manager to determine (1) the optimal pumping and injection schedules (rates and locations) required to satisfy an exogenous water target and waste load demand and (2) the maximum injection concentrations that can be discharged to the basin without degrading the quality of the aquifer. Operational policies are developed for a 480‐day operational cycle for a hypothetical groundwater basin, where it is assumed that groundwater extraction represents the principal resource of the aquifer system. Linear programing is used to identify the optimal planning policies. The important parameters affecting the optimal decisions are discus

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i006p01305

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A multiobjective planning framework for a river basin that considers both point and nonpoint source pollutants is presented. The need for an intergrated approach to pollution abatement originating from these two sources is discussed in the light of Public Law 92‐500. The need for including multiple objective functions in their noncommensurable formats and units are also discussed. Two broad‐based planning objectives considered are: economic development and environmental quality. The environmental quality model includes the following multiple objectives: (1) soil erosion, (2) phosphorus, (3) biological oxygen demanding load in the stream. Noninferior solutions and trade‐offs among the objectives are examined for several alternative planning scenarios using the surrogate worth trade‐off (SWT) method. The decision‐maker's role in obtaining the basin‐wide plan is discussed. Finally, the planning framework is applied to the Maumee River

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i006p01313

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Water quality is an important factor in determining the attractiveness and usability of swimming areas. In order to estimate the gains in outdoor swimming that may result from water quality improvement, a 38‐state survey of present water‐quality‐related losses in usable beach capacity was conducted. Estimates of potential recreation gains were derived using capacity data in conjunction with a recreation simulation model. The model uses previously estimated recreation participation equations to estimate regional trip generation for outdoor swimming under alternate supply conditions. A probabilistic gravity model is employed to simulate the distribution of recreational activity under various increases in usable beach capacity. Extrapolation from three case studies suggests that an estimated 3.4–7.4% increase in present usable capacity could result in a 1.2–2.7% annual increase in swimming activity days, given the present rate of participation on a national basis. Results of the study also indicate that the increase in usable capacity could produce a 6–25% relocation of present swimming activity to impro

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i006p01323

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Consideration of waste water reuse as a waste water management method is required in federal water quality planning. This paper reports the result of a survey of major participants in such planning in New England. It found that only cursory consideration was given to waste water reuse. Where one sits in the water management system significantly influences one's evaluation of reuse. Further, considerations other than economic and engineering factors will influence, indeed often determine, waste water reuse decisions; New England officials' views of reuse were generally very conservative.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i006p01329

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents computational results for evaluating the worth of streamflow data in water resources planning. Synthetic streamflow is generated with a synthetic streamflow generator, HEC‐4 simulation model, where the optimal scheduling and capacity expansion of water supply projects are determined with a dynamic programing model. Penalty matrices associated with high‐and low‐yield estimates are then developed, using the results from the HEC‐4 and the dynamic programing models. A multi‐objective optimization problem is then formulated, minimizing the expected monetary penalty (in dollars) and the expected water shortage penalty (in million gallons). The solution of the multiobjective optimization problem (by using the surrogate worth trade‐off (SWT) method) yields a Pareto optimal and preferred data collec

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i006p01335

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sampling theory is used to design an optimal sample of individual residential water users for the United States. The purpose of designing this optimal stratified random sample is to facilitate an efficient nationwide collection of residential water use data which can be analyzed statistically to forecast water use and to determine water system design criteria. This sample is designed in two steps; we select (1) the specific type and number of customers to be sampled at each location and (2) the specific locations to be sampled.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i006p01343

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The scarcity of water in Israel and its possible effect on the socioeconomic development of the country have evinced considerable interest in the utilization of marginal waters. A nonlinear mathematical model was formulated, whose dual solution has shown that urban waste water and brackish water have substantial values ranging up to 65% of the cost of imported freshwater. The nonlinear production function in the mathematical model permitted the detailed analysis of the impact of the economies of scale on the primal and dual solutions. The optimal allocation of water for the Central Negev in 1992 calls for 40% of the forecast total water demand to be supplied by 26 million m3of treated urban waste water and brackish water.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i006p01349

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

From previous work it appears that total phosphorus is transported through rivers by a series of storm events. This paper presents a method for calculating the average distance of travel during any given storm event. The method uses the hydrograph, chemograph, and flow characteristics at a point in the river. Comparisons were made between storm events at the same station in a river, between different stations in the same river basin, and between stations in different rivers. Results show the distance of travel is dependent upon the magnitude and duration of the storm event but not on the magnitude of the total phosphorus concentration.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i006p01354

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An algorithm based on the use of probability weighted moments allows estimation of the parameters of the Wakeby distribution. In the case where the lower bound is known, the quantile estimates, unlike the parameter estimates, tend to be neither highly biased nor highly variable, even for samples of small size (n= 5).

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i006p01361

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY