摘要:

The central intention of this survey is to review dynamic programming models for water resource problems and to examine computational techniques which have been used to obtain solutions to these problems. Problem areas surveyed here include aqueduct design, irrigation system control, project development, water quality maintenance, and reservoir operations analysis. Computational considerations impose severe limitation on the scale of dynamic programming problems which can be solved. Inventive numerical techniques for implementing dynamic programming have been applied to water resource problems. Discrete dynamic programming, differential dynamic programming, state incremental dynamic programming, and Howard's policy iteration method are among the techniques reviewed. Attempts have been made to delineate the successful applications, and speculative ideas are offered toward attacking problems which have not been solved satisfactorily.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR018i004p00673

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

East Brunswick Township, New Jersey, conducted a water conservation program in 1980 by distributing to 564 households free packets of water‐saving devices purchased with municipal funds. The program was not a response to a current water supply crisis, and appeals for cooperation were based on the private economic benefits of water conservation. Statistical procedures were developed to measure the proportions of households installing each of the devices distributed, water savings and program costs. Two‐thirds of the households receiving the packets installed at least one device. Average annual water savings per home receiving a packet were estimated at 5010 gallons (18.96 kl). Amortized over ten years at a 10% discount rate, the program cost was approximately 35 cents per 1000 gallons of water saved (9.2 cents per kl). The East Brunswick results compare well to the results obtained from similar conservation programs in a pair of California communities during the 1976–1977 dr

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR018i004p00697

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The issue of instream flow maintenance for downstream aquatic resources is a relatively new environmental quality consideration required in planning water resources projects. A mathematical programing methodology is proposed to examine the relationship between biological instream flow needs (IFN) and more traditional water project objectives, such as water yield, flood control, reservoir recreation, or economic efficiency. This optimization approach combines the linear decision rule (LDR) modeling technique with an objective function representing the value of reservoir releases to downstream fisheries. The IFN performance objective is based on an index of physical habitat conditions called weighted usable area (WUA) which has been developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Data from a multipurpose reservoir in central Illinois have been used to demonstrate the application of the nonlinear programing model and a heuristic solution algorithm employing piecewise linearization of the habitat objective functions and linear programing.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR018i004p00705

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Marginal price elasticities are reestimated from the Johns Hopkins Residential Water Use Project data of 1963–1965, utilizing more appropriate forms of household water demand functions derived from recent advances in consumer theory that account for the effects of a rate structure. Winter season elasticity is found to be a very low −0.06 compared to −0.23 in a 1967 study. For summer demands, price elasticities are found to be lower than earlier estimates, namely, −0.568 versus −0.860 for eastern U.S. areas and −0.427 versus −0.519 for

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR018i004p00713

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

‘Second best’ effluent charges, based on minimizing the cost of meeting a predetermined level of water quality, have been advocated as a policy alternative for water quality management without giving serious consideration to the physical characteristics of river basins. In this paper the detailed efficiency characteristics of such charge schemes are derived by coupling an economic and a physical model. These conditions reveal the need to make efficient charge schemes dependent upon the location of the downstream polluter and the physical parameters of the river. The informational requirements and administrative burden of imposing efficient fees is very great; in a practical setting, nonefficient adjustments need to be m

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR018i004p00717

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Involvement of the public in water resources planning is generally required by federal law. However, the specific approach and techniques for involvement are left to the discretion of agencies participating in the particular project. This has resulted in considerable debate and experimentation aimed at discovery of effective public involvement techniques. This paper posits the Policy Delphi as one such technique, elaborates the major assumptions and rationale of the technique, and reports on an application of the approach in a water resources planning project of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Policy Delphi proved to be a useful component of the public involvement program in this case, providing both planners and the wider public with informed opinion about water resources issues and alternatives. Methodological issues for consideration in future applications of the technique to water resources planning are discussed.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR018i004p00721

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Construction of the Mediterranean‐Dead Sea Project and exploitation of the elevation differences becomes possible as a result of the reduction in the Dead Sea water levels due to increased withdrawals from its drainage basin over the past 50 years. These withdrawals would be replaced by a controlled inflow of water from the Mediterranean, which would generate hydroelectric power. An optimization of the annual Mediterranean water inflows, taking into account the high variability of the remaining natural inflows to the Dead Sea, is carried out by applying a stochastic dynamic programing algorithm to maximize the discounted expected value of the plant benefits. In addition the algorithm determines the operational level of the Dead Sea with respect to the probability of occurrence of high hydrologic flow

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR018i004p00729

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A reliability programing technique, which includes the concept of ‘reliability or risk’ in an optimization, is applied to multiple multipurpose reservoir systems. The procedure can be applied to any multipurpose multiunit reservoir system with two general types of linkage: normal channel flow for reservoir releases and pipelines or pumping canals. Thus each reservoir could be connected to every other reservoir, and each could receive releases from any or all other reservoirs as dictated by a particular system configuration. A two‐level solution algorithm is proposed. A solution can be obtained for a reservoir system with few purposes (flood control, power production, irrigation, water supply, and water quality enhancement) and random inflows and demands. The random inflows and demands are represented by conditional distribution functions. The objective function of economic efficiency, representing the tradeoff between benefits and risks embodied by a risk‐loss function, is included in the present approach. The reliability programing model is nonlinear and can be split into two models: search model and special linear programing model. The procedure is illustrated using a portion of the Red River system in Oklahoma and Texas, a system of three multipurpose reservoirs. The three reservoirs individually satisfy purposes (flood protection, hydroelectric power generation, water supply, and water quality enhancement), and two of the reservoirs work together to satisfy additional water requirements (flood control and water quality enhancement downstream). Input data necessary for solving the optimization model are presented. Results of the operation of the system, including optimal operating policies for the reservoirs and reliabilities of the operation, illustrate the major advantages of the reliability programing approach compared with other stochastic optimization tec

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR018i004p00735

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A nonlinear programing model is developed for the optimal determination of unit hydrographs. The model determines both the rainfall losses for each rainfall event and the best unit hydrograph that minimizes deviations between observed and derived runoff hydrographs. Several multiperiod rainfall events can be considered simultaneously for the unit hydrograph determination. A nonlinear programing technique called the large‐scale generalized reduced gradient is used to solve the model. Several example applications are presented to illustrate the mode

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR018i004p00744

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The economic effects of conjunctive management of ground and surface water supplies for irrigation are formulated as an optimal control model. An empirical hydroeconomic model is estimated for the Yolo County district in California. Two alternative solution methodologies (analytic Riccatti and mathematical programing) are applied and compared. Results show the economic potential for interbasin transfers and the impact of increased electricity prices on optimal groundwater management.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR018i004p00753

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY