摘要:

Many cities in the United States are considering surcharges on industrial wastes having a strength greater than domestic wastes because (1) waste treatment costs have been rising, (2) taxpayers are reluctant to allow substantial increases in their water and sewer rates, and (3) the Environmental Protection Agency is requiring as a precondition for their grants that industries pay an equitable share of municipal waste treatment costs. Cities can make decisions about these charges by knowing the effect of surcharges on industrial wastes discharged into municipal systems and on the quantity of water demanded from municipal systems by industrial firms. Data obtained from 34 cities in the United States that have been using surcharges substantiated the negative relationships hypothesized among prices and quantities. Introducing an average surcharge of $27.00/1000 Ib of BOD causes a 45% reduction in industrial wastes. This surcharge also results in a 42% reduction in the industrial use of water. The level of confidence in these results is expressed in terms of probabilities in the final parts of the last two sections of this paper.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i005p01121

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An auction‐type bidding process is analyzed. A public authority distributes permits providing the right to discharge specified waste loads into a medium. Potential purchasers of the permits may perceive themselves as having some measure of control over the permit prices through their bids. It is shown that, given sufficient information on the nature of bidding strategies, the authority can infer the firms' marginal treatment cost functions from their bidding behavior and may therefore be in a position to impose the optimal solution of discharge

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i005p01132

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An approach to irrigation decisions for wheat under conditions of unstable rainfall is presented, and a simulation model designed for tracing the variation of moisture in the soil profile during the growing season of wheat is described. Empirical estimates of the response function of wheat yield derived on the basis of 4 years of irrigation experiments are presented. The paper concludes with the simulation and comparison of several irrigation policies for wheat under conditions of stochastic rainfall.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i005p01145

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The discharge policy for a network of eight small existing reservoirs used for recreational activities and for water supply of a city downstream of the network is determined by using optimization techniques. A linear programing problem is formulated by using a linear operating rule, and chance‐constrained programing is adopted to account for the stochasticity of the inflows. Two objective functions are introduced to study the cost of a more equitable distribution of the losses due to surface drawdowns than the most efficient distribution, which minimizes the total summation of the individual drawdowns. A case study on the Rivière du Nord, Quebec, Canada, is presented. The results show that the linear operating rule is valid for existing reservoir analysis; it is also observed that chance‐constrained programing may have serious ineptitudes for design purposes and for analysis of large existing reservoir networks. The approach, however, is a desirable management tool for systems of small reservoirs, primarily as a screening m

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i005p01155

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A mathematical programing model is proposed to solve the common and formidable water resource planning problem of finding the best sites from a number of potential sites for constructing a system of reservoirs that will optimally meet the various water demands. Since flood damages and shortage costs (the primary problems the reservoirs are designed to solve) usually vary nonlinearly with the flow values, a nonlinear programing model is proposed. The fact that the variables in the objective function, which minimizes the sum of the annual amortized cost of the reservoirs and the annual flood and shortage losses less the annual recreational benefits, and the variables in the constraints are separable has been used to reduce the nonlinear problem to a separable problem. The common approximate approach to the problem, which chooses the optimal design parameters on the basis of straight historical inflow data for a specified period, was selected over the more complex ideal approach, which quantifies the stochastic nature of the historical inflows and uses the inflow distributions in an optimization model to select the design parameters. The optimization in this paper considers the flood inflows (based on a given flood frequency) and the drought inflows (based on the severest drought on record) simultaneously. The damages due to shortages may be weighted further in the objective function. The present model differs from other models in that releases are constrained only by the availability of water and their optimal values are determined by balancing damages downstream against the cost of providing storage to prevent them. The model is applied to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers data for the Minnesota River basin, and the results are compared with the plan proposed by the Corps.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i005p01166

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two cases in which a conventional dynamic programing algorithm may produce non‐optimal solutions to an important class of sequencing problems encountered in water resource development are identified. The pathological behavior of the conventional dynamic programing algorithm is analyzed and illustrated with a counterexample. The use of the imbedded state space approach in the determination of optimal solutions in the two cases is discussed and illustrated by the solution of the counterexample. The extension of the imbedded state approach to the solution of more general combined selection and sequencing problems is also discusse

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i005p01178

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A mathematical economic model of water use and water quality is formulated that allows for trade‐offs between the technologies of water use and waste treatment and the capacities of different regions for waste assimilation. The input‐output coefficients of water‐using production processes are written as functions of intake water quality so that the feedback effects of waste discharge on the economic process itself may be evaluated. The model determines the combination of production processes in each region that minimizes the overall cost of meeting a given bill of final demands, including demands for water quality (i.e., water quality standards). Such a model could be used to evaluate water development projects on a consistent basis; in particular it would calculate the marginal values of water in different regions and the marginal costs of meeting different water quality objec

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i005p01186

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Water consumption in 14 rural communities of northeast Thailand was studied to determine water needs and to delineate the factors that affect water use. For 13 of these communities, average daily water consumption ranged from 10 to 90 1/cap/day (liters per capita per day). In one village with free wafer distributed through house connections 24 hr/day, water usage ranged from 115 to 160 1/cap/day. Water consumption was significantly influenced by the season of year, limited hours of availability of water through the distribution system, type of water service connection, and price of water for metered house connections only. Design criteria for maximum daily and maximum hourly water demands were found to be 1.5 and 4 times the average daily water consumption, respectively. The data collected reflect initial water use values in villages where water systems are only a few years old.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i005p01196

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A model is developed to explain the use of water‐abased recreational facilities for 15 different recreational activities. The results are then employed to obtain a relative ranking of factors that contribute most to the use of facilities. From an empirical study on data obtained from the Fort Worth District, ILS. Army Corps of Engineers, the factors that contribute to use can be ranked as follows: (1) distance variables, which serve as a surrogate for travel time and cost; (2) population near the site, a measure of demand potential; (3) facilities provided at the site; (4) fees; (5) measures of quality of the site; and (6) seasonal variable

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i005p01208

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A methodology employing recursive linear programing as the optimization tool is presented for the analysis of multireservoir flood control systems. By means of dividing the flood period into shorter operational periods it is shown how the system policies may be adjusted to incorporate the latest forecast information and thus ensure maximum flexibility under actual operating conditions. A basic assumption is that decisions regarding the number, location, and size of the individual reservoirs in the system have previously been made.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i005p01219

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY