摘要:

Consideration is given to the costs in terms of regional income likely to be lost if irrigated acreages were to be reduced in the Upper Main Stem subbasin of the Colorado River as a means of freeing water for alternative uses and reducing salt loadings. The cost estimates, known to be biased upward, appear competitive with other water augmentation and salinity reduction programs.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR010i005p00893

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Bureau of Reclamation has traditionally been accused of distorting benefit‐cost analysis to serve political ends. Economists and other critics have usually believed that if only the theoretical tools of benefit‐cost were sharpened sufficiently and its logic applied impartially by government analysts, the politics of water resource investment decisions could be neutralized. This study of the controversial Mid‐State reclamation project serves both to point out the politically expedient elements of bureau analysis that remain after almost 30 years of refinement and criticism by economists and to act as a lesson to reformers who fail to recognize the limitations on benefit‐cost analysis in replacing the inherently political choices of democratic gov

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR010i005p00898

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A management model is presented that may be useful in analyzing decision rules for the conjunctive management of groundwater reserves for use in irrigation and salinity control. Alternative schemes for decentralized management via taxes and bribes are discussed. Taxes are described that bring about intradistrict efficiency in terms of water use and salinity control when downstream externalities are ignored. When externalities are considered, it is shown that a unique pattern of resource use requires a given institutional structure for the management of bribes.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR010i005p00909

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Positive results obtained from an artificial rain experiment in Israel are the major motive for the proposed extension of the Israel National Water System. Should the system be extended while the artificially induced rain increment, though highly probable, is not definitely proven? The decision maker is confronted with the choice between two alternative policies: to extend the system or not to extend it. Either policy will yield a certain expected value that is determined by the probability of increasing the water yield of Lake Kinneret by cloud seeding. The probability of ‘no increase’ that would give equal justification to both policies seems considerably higher than the no‐increase probability indicated by the findings of the artificial rain experiments, and thus the policy of ‘extension’ appears to be p

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR010i005p00917

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper some newly discovered properties of the Streeter‐Phelps oxygen sag equation are examined. The convexity of the critical dissolved oxygen (DO) deficit is established, and it is shown that the critical DO deficit can be represented by a conical surface. By using these properties it is shown how to approximate with a high degree of accuracy the critical deficit as a linear function of initial BOD loading and initial oxygen deficit. The linear approximating equation will find use in mathematical programing formulations of water quality management problem

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR010i005p00921

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A technique is developed for accounting for the contribution of free convection to the evaporation from a cooling pond. Established formulas for forced (wind‐driven) evaporation are corrected for convective effects and used in a formula for surface energy balance to estimate heat fluxes and surface temperatures of cooling ponds. The resulting expression for total heat loss agrees with observed cooling pond performance better than other formulas presently in use. Surface heat loss coefficients may be derived from the new heat loss formula for use in calculating temperature rises induced by heated discharge

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR010i005p00930

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The transient heating by radiation of a stagnant layer of water is studied both analytically and experimentally. Solar radiation (insolation) was simulated by tungsten filament lamps in parabolic reflectors of known spectral characteristics. The volumetric rate of internal absorption of radiation was predicted by considering spectral absorption, scattering, and multiple forward scattering by the water according to the model of Viskanta and Toor (1972). The transient temperature distribution was predicted by solving the one‐dimensional energy equation analytically in closed form after first linearizing the boundary condition at the air‐water interface. The analytical model was verified on the basis of laboratory experimental data obtained from transient temperature measurements made in pure water contained in a glass wall test cell using a Mach‐Zehnder interferometer. Comparison of experimental data with the predicted temperature distributions showed good agreement, thus verifying the radiation and total energy models. It was determined that the surface boundary condition and internal radiant heating rate of water must be correctly specified in order to model thermal stratification of stagnant water by radiation pro

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR010i005p00939

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As will be documented in detail, a common feature of all the streamflow models in the literature is that they assume some known order of Markov dependency to be available prior to calibration of the model parameters. Yet the statistical methods for finding this order are subtle and perhaps may themselves need refinement. In brief, the problem of finding the minimum order of Markov dependence is a difficult one and yet one that must be faced no matter what streamflow model is selected. This study is devoted in the main to setting forth the extant statistical techniques available for this problem of determining Markov order and applying the stated techniques to finding the order of records of particular rivers in the Tucson basin. Care is taken in describing the hydrologic properties of the rivers studied, since these properties may ultimately be crucial in establishing some a priori feelings for the range of likely orders.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR010i005p00947

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Combined modeling of the stochastic and deterministic aspects of systems can lead to advances in many areas of hydrologic practice. Such modeling is achieved by the matrix multiplication of a probability distribution of the stochastic system input with a transition matrix derived from the deterministic operation of the system and any stochastic parameter. This method is surprisingly general and flexible. Its use is demonstrated for a wide range of applications.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR010i005p00955

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The convolution integral is used to compute continuous variations in channel loss and base flow that result from a reservoir release on the North Canadian River in central Oklahoma. The open channel flow hydrograph is routed by using the unit response method and then modified for interaction with the aquifer. Stream losses and gains are evaluated from the arbitrary fluctuations in stream stage by using average values of aquifer parameters. In spite of gross simplification pertaining to the nature of the groundwater system, good agreement with the actual flow hydrograph is obtained.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR010i005p00963

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY