摘要:

There are economies of scale in the construction of regional wastewater treatment systems. Effluent dischargers have the option of participating in a regional system or constructing separate smaller systems. In order to encourage participation in a regional system so that the economies are realized, the cost allocation method employed must offer economic incentives. The cost allocation problem is viewed in game theoretic terms, and the Shapley value (a game theory solution) is suggested as an allocation method. The method is applied to the Meramec River Basin in Missouri where eight dischargers are identified. The problems of application are discussed and the reactions of the eight dischargers are cited.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i002p00193

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A decision making method labeled Protrade has been developed to account for both multiple objectives and uncertainty aspects. This method is applied to the case study of the Black Mesa Region in Northern Arizona which is being strip mined for coal. One important concern in large‐scale surface mining is the reclamation of mine spoils to bring about beneficial land uses while observing economic, social, environmental, and legal constraints. Protrade considers a set of linear objective functions with random parameters, subject to a set of physical constraints; the preferences of the decision maker are articulated in a progressive manner, and alternative solutions are generated. Nonlinear deterministic equivalents are introduced to account for uncertainty in some of the parameters involved. While no final policy recommendations are made, this illustration of Protrade is carried out to investigate the potential of the method for trading off multiple objectives and measures of uncertainty in water and other natural resource system design problem

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i002p00203

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rapid, nondestructive magnetic measurements of initial low‐field susceptibilityx, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (IRMsat), and coercivity of IRM provide a means of identifying the source of suspended sediments in rivers. Preliminary results derived from the application of these measurements both to suspended sediment and to potential sources within the instrumented catchment of the Jackmoor Brook near Exeter, United Kingdom, demonstrate the value of this approach in an area of Permian sandstone bedrock where the contrast in magnetic properties between parent material and topsoil is easily characterized. High flows are shown to be associated with suspended sediment, the magnetic properties of which are indistinguishable from those of the cultivated soils of the catchmen

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i002p00211

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Optimal wastewater plant capacity expansion is reexamined for the general case where effluent receiving water standards vary with time. A deterministic dynamic programing framework is used to find cost‐minimizing expansion plans for wastewater treatment when hydraulic demand is assumed known and nondecreasing with time. The effect of discount rate, initial hydraulic capacity, and initial plant pollutant removal rate on expansion plan is investigated. Results show time‐variable effluent receiving standards can significantly influence cost‐minimizing expansion

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i002p00219

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Partial elasticities of substitution among capital, labor, and water provide empirical evidence concerning the possibilities of adjusting the techniques of manufacturing to accommodate changing scarcities of water. Empirical estimates of elasticities for the United States are obtained by using a trans‐log cost function with SIC two‐digit manufacturing data for 1973. Results show that water and labor inputs are good substitutes but that water and capital are complements. Economic implications of this finding are discus

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i002p00228

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Optimal storage of a naturally renewable, seasonally varying resource is considered where demand is price sensitive and seasonal and social resources are required for storage and processing prior to consumption. The particular application is water supply, where the demand and supply fluctuations are generally out of phase. Using a Lagrangian analytical framework, net willingness to pay is maximized subject to fundamental constraints that characterize water supply and storage. The purpose of this work is to integrate the literatures of peak load pricing and optimal reservoir planning and operation, noting that price is both an active form of ‘soft’ demand management and an effective information signal for efficient allocation of (nonwater) resources in the management of water supply. Results indicate that although demand is assumed to vary continuously with time, the optimal rate structure is approximated by a policy in which the price of water is adjusted at only a few points in the cycle. In contrast with the usual discrete time model, the duration of each subperiod of constant pricing is endogenously determined. It is also shown that owing to the introduction of storage, off‐peak prices as well as the peak season price may be held above marginal operating costs, thereby bearing part of the capacity

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i002p00233

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The behavior of the free water surface at discontinuities in permeability for steady flow has been known for more than 40 years and has been used in numerical solutions and flow net sketching. The present paper extends that analysis to unsteady flow, primarily for use in numerical solutions. For a rising free surface the diffraction between zones is given in graphical form. For a falling free surface (almost) no diffraction solution exists and the free surface is either horizontal or tangent to the line of discontinuity. However, sharp curvatures may occur in the vicinity of a permeability change so care must be exercised in extrapolating free surface slopes to neighboring regions.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i002p00240

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The hydrological, thermal, and chemical characteristics of two small streams flowing through relatively undisturbed, low‐elevation mountain watersheds in southwestern British Columbia were investigated. All observations and chemical analyses of ecosystems were consistent with the hypothesis that stormflow originated mainly from flow of water through soil macrochannels to groundwater and thence to streams. Water budgets indicated unmeasured groundwater losses. The streams exhibited annual chemical cycles for most parameters, with maximum values in late summer and early autumn and minimum values in winter and early spring. Nitrate concentrations displayed no consistent seasonal variation, whereas potassium and sulphate concentrations were relatively uniform throughout the year. Most chemical parameters decreased with increasing discharge, whereas dissolved oxygen concentrations increased. Potassium concentrations exhibited some increases and some decreases, and chloride, nitrate, and sulphate concentrations were generally not significantly related to discharge. Concentration‐discharge relationships were used to infer the origin of stormflow water. Differences in the chemistry of the two very similar streams have important ramifications for the design of watershed nutrient studies. Nutrient budgets were very similar to those of other watersheds in humid temperate regions, with net losses of calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, and sulphur. Nitrogen and phosphorus exports in dissolved or particulate organic form were not measured. Based on dissolved inorganic measurements, nitrogen was accumulated, while any gains or losses of phosphorus were extremely sm

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i002p00247

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Milk River artesian aquifer underlines an area of approximately 6300 km2in southern Alberta. This aquifer fits almost exactly Chamberlain's (1885) concept of a classic artesian system. It crops out or is covered by a thin veneer of glacial drift in southern Alberta and northern Montana. It is believed that major recharge occurs in these areas (Meyboom, 1960). Structurally, the aquifer appears fan‐like in form, dipping gently to the east, north and west from its areas of outcrop. It is overlain by the Pakowki Formation which is a grey shale that acts as a confining bed. Analysis of stable isotope and major ion data for water samples collected from the aquifer reveals a variety of striking patterns. Oxygen‐18 and deuterium concentrations for groundwater from the recharging portion of the aquifer fall very close to the meteoric water line (Craig, 1961a) indicating that they are isotopically unaltered meteoric waters. Proceeding down‐dip in the aquifer groundwaters become enriched isotopically to a maximum of 70 and 12‰ with respect to deuterium and oxygen‐18 in the recharging waters. In addition, a systematic deviation (slope of 6.1 instead of 8) from the meteoric water line is also apparent. The most plausible explanation of these isotopic patterns is based on a process of dispersion or mixing on a regional scale. Waters probably enriched with respect to the isotopic composition of the aquifer recharge may be present and simply are being displaced by meteoric water, or leakage may have entered the aquifer from below progressively comprising an increased proportion of the aquifer water. This same type of mixing process appears to exert a major control on the major ion chemistry of the aquifer. In addition, chemical processes such as mineral dissolution and cation exchange pl

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i002p00259

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A geostatistical approach is proposed for characterizing the uncertainty about the transmissivity field of an aquifer and analyzing its effect on predicted head values. A new methodology is developed, which couples conditional simulation and groundwater flow modeling. Conditional simulation is used for generating different two‐dimensional transmissivity fields that all have the same spatial variability as the true field and are consistent with the measuredTvalues at well locations. Two case studies are presented in order to illustrate the method, and conclusions are drawn for future investigatio

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR015i002p00269

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY