摘要:

The result of integrating the agricultural sector with the aquifer of the Pecos basin is given. In particular, steady state solutions to hydrologic and economic equations are given in which imported water is artificially recharged to the aquifer and its cost is added to the cost of pumping. A two‐cell model for the Pecos basin aquifer is developed. One cell is for the confined aquifer, and the other is for the shallow aquifer. The hydrologic solution of the model yields two linear steady state functions that relate the water table in the two cells to other hydrologic variables, such as recharge, discharge, and irrigation. The cost of pumping water is also estimated. The agricultural demand function for irrigation water is empirically estimated by applying the technique of parametric linear programing. The demand function for water is linked to the water table hydrologic equations. Solutions are found for a range of expected prices of imported wate

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i006p01373

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the absence of the recognition of learning in new technologies such as desalting, water resource investment decisions may be erroneous for two reasons. First, neglecting cost reductions over time due to ‘learning by doing’ leads to the overestimation of costs. Second, since learning in a particular desalting plant may result in external learning benefits to other plants, these externalities may serve as the basis for the determination of a subsidy intended to internalize these benefits. Accordingly, this paper provides estimates of learning (cost) functions for large‐scale seawater distillation plants. To incorporate prior information into the estimation process, Bayesian methods are used. Alternative specifications of these learning functions are then employed in the context of a measure of external learning benefits to estimate by computer simulation the moments of these benefits. A discussion ensues concerning how such a measure can be employed in various water resource decision m

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i006p01385

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Simulation models have proved extremely useful as an aid to river basin planning. All suffer a common difficulty, however, since the analyst himself must formulate the physical design to be studied in each computer run. If the basin is large and offers a variety of development opportunities, the number of alternative system plans from which he must choose can be extremely large. This paper reports on an investigation of the use of analytical optimization models to ‘screen’ the set of possible plans and to select a small number worthy of simulation analysis. The Delaware River basin being used as an example, deterministic and stochastic optimizing models have been developed and applied to both static and dynamic (multiperiod) planning problems. The resulting designs have been analyzed by using a large‐scale digital simulation model of the basin so that the ability of the screening models to identify high‐valued alternatives can be evaluated. In this context the results indicate considerable promise for the combined use of optimization and simulation

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i006p01401

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A large‐scale transbasin water diversion project must be justified not only in terms of the direct costs of transporting water but also in terms of the value of services foregone by the exporting region due to the diminution of its water supply. A general model is developed to evaluate these opportunity costs. The procedure adapts the decomposition algorithm for linear programs to optimize operations of the water system with respect to time, multiple complementary and competitive uses, and location, allowances being made for serial as well as parallel configurations of reservoirs. The algorithm solves iteratively for the optimal value of the river's services. Two solutions are needed: one assuming ‘natural’ inflow conditions and, to simulate the situation after a diversion, one assuming depleted inflows. The difference between these optimal values is a measure of the opportunity costs incurred by the water‐exporting region. A subsequent article applies the procedure to the Columbia Rive

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i006p01415

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An initial investigation of the use of nonlinear least squares to estimate the parameters of distribution functions produced promising results. All parameters of a distribution and seemingly most common distributions can be fitted by a common technique, and thus special methods adapted to particular distributions are eliminated. Two long‐standing problems, plotting positions and sample outliers, vanish with this method of fittin

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i006p01423

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The time of occurrenceT(t)of the largest momentary flood exceedance in some time interval (0,t] is a stochastic process. The one‐dimensional distribution function and the mathematical expectation ofT(t)are determined for the case in which individual flood exceedances are independent, identically distributed random variables and the counting process for exceedances is a nonhomogeneous Poissonian process. Rather good agreement between observed and theoretical distributions for two rivers indicates that these assumptions are not extremely restrictiv

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i006p01433

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The dynamic characteristics and the development of the underlying water waves were taken into consideration in the determination of the eddy diffusivity in the air close to a water surface. A relationship between the actual eddy diffusivityKand the apparent eddy diffusivityKp, estimated purely from the wind velocity profile, was derived. The derivation was done in terms of (c/u*), wherecis the phase velocity of the dominant wave andu*is the friction velocity, and on the basis of experimental data obtained by Volkov in 1969 and 1970. It was found that the eddy diffusivity near the air‐water interface, determined in the usual way from the mean velocity profile, may lead to considerable error, depending on the sea state. The practical application of this result is illustrated in the determination of evaporation from a wavy surfac

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i006p01439

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A linearized stratified lake of rectangular shape with dimensions and other physical parameters comparable to those of the Great Lakes is presented to examine the currents induced by prescribed wind and thermal conditions at the boundary. The boundary layer of thicknessE½is identified at the surface and the solid boundary, where the wind and wall effects are most important. The influence of thermal input is restricted in the interior. The upwelling and downwelling phenomena and a relatively strong coastal current are significant in the linear stratified lake. Their relations to the input functions established in the analysis substantiate observations in the Great Lakes

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i006p01444

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Leaf resistance to vapor flow was measured with a diffusion porometer on hardwood trees in central New Hampshire during autumn senescence and was compared with leaf color and chlorophyll content. Daytime diffusion resistance remained at the low values found in summer (1–10 sec/cm) as long as the leaves remained green. Resistances ranged from 5 to>35 sec/cm when chlorophyll content was below 0.4 mg/g of fresh weight and leaf color was yellow green or yellow. Autumn transpiration evidently continues unabated in green leaves but declines to small values when leaves turn colo

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i006p01456

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A hydraulic transient model of the Detroit River is developed by using the implicit method to solve the complete equations of continuity and motion. The river is modeled in the shape of a Y and has one main channel and two branching channels. The stability of the numerical solution, which uses the Newton‐Raphson algorithm, is found to be dependent on the selection of a weighting coefficient. This coefficient determines the position at which the equations are evaluated on theX‐tgrid. The model inputs consist of water surface hydrographs at the head and mouth of the river. The outputs consist of flows at each end of the three channels and water surface elevations at the junction of the Y. Transient flows of the Detroit River induced by a severe wind tide on Lake Erie were simulated to illustrate the model. Good agreement was obtained between measured and computed water surface elevations at the junction of th

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR008i006p01461

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY