摘要:

The long run effects of various pricing policies are investigated in terms of consumer benefits and system costs. Price can play a major role in planning by delaying expansions and lowering system costs. A combination of summer differential plus increasing block rate structure appears to offer the greatest net benefits to the system.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR007i006p01371

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A variety of techniques is available for providing information on the frequency and extent of flooding in river valleys. These techniques include the use of physiography, pedology, vegetation, occasional floods, regional floods of selected frequency, and flood profiles and backwater curves. Preliminary estimates of costs suggest that these range from a low of $1–4/mile of channel to a high of $400–1000/mile of channel. All estimates of flood hazards and damages contain significant uncertainties deriving from the variability and uncertainty of the estimates of hydrologic, hydraulic, and social phenomena. An accelerating demand for information coupled with recognition of the inherent element of judgment in any determination of flood or damage zones suggests additional emphasis on the adoption of different mapping techniques appropriate to the needs of different locati

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR007i006p01383

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The usefulness of interindustry models for regional water resource and broader environmental studies is becoming increasingly apparent. Data requirements may appear formidable; however, secondary data sources can be adequate for many aspects of analysis. An intersectoral model for the nine‐county San Francisco Bay region was constructed from secondary data and used to develop pollution coefficients for several specific waste constituents, both conservative and nonconservative. Intersectoral programing methods in conjunction with a steady state linear optimal dispersion model of the bay were used to determine the levels of waste treatment necessary to meet quality standards for future time frame

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR007i006p01393

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Water resource planning is an increasingly complex process subject to conflicting judgments about the ‘best’ plan for implementation. Conflict analysis that uses an interactive computer graphics system holds promise of helping decision makers resolve the judgmental differences that arise in the planning process. The system illustrated herein, called Cognograph, is used to make explicit to water planners their sources of agreement and disagreement and to aid them in resolving their differen

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR007i006p01410

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The optimal intertemporal rate of exploitation of groundwater stocks in coastal areas with the intrusion of salt water is studied. A model is presented that focuses on the interrelated problems concerning the annual rate of pumping and the annual rate of investment in pumping equipment, and so forth, in which the effects of current decisions on future benefits are included (e.g., impacts of lower stocks and therefore higher future pumping costs, and increased rates of saltwater intrusion). Periodic extractions are carried to the point where the value of water in current use equals the marginal present value of water in storage. The value of water in storage includes marginal effects of current production on intrusion, pumping costs, and capital consumption. The conjunctively determined periodic rate of investment is that which equates marginal investment costs with the present value of future production attributable to larger pumping and distribution systems, discounted by depreciation rates.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR007i006p01415

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A set of chance‐constrained linear programing models for the conjunctive use of surface waters and groundwaters was developed for the Mullica River basin in New Jersey. A zero order decision rule was used to obtain deterministic equivalents for the chance‐constrained models. The resulting linear programing models were solved for a variety of constraint situations. The results indicated the maximum total withdrawals that could be expected from the basin for the assumed conjunctive use operation. The satisfaction of specified target outputs for the basin by alternative feasible combinations of surface water and groundwater withdrawals was also demonstra

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR007i006p01425

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

When several hydroelectric power plants are on the same river system severe fluctuations in flow can occur because of variations in electric power demand. A technique is developed by which the power demand on the river system can be met while at the same time the river flow is kept as smooth as possible downstream from a selected dam in the system. The smoothing problem is solved by devising a linear programing formulation that includes constraints on output and storage for each hydroelectric plant and also satisfies continuity equations. The method is applied successfully to an existing three‐dam hydroelectric syste

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR007i006p01437

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Consideration of the Hurst coefficienthoffers new insight into the interpretation of observed correlograms for streamflow sequences. Autoregressive models, for whichh= ½, cannot reproduce the structures of those correlograms. The structures are symptomatic of long‐term persistence as indicated by observed values ofhbeing greater than ½. The tendency has been to test a sequence for independence, and if the hypothesis of independence is unacceptable, then (1) the generating process for the sequence is approximated by a short memory process, and (2) variations in the high lag serial correlation coefficients are ascribed to chance. If indeed the sequences are generated by long memory processes, then the powers of most independence tests are low for short records. Consequently, correlograms may be useful indicators of long‐term persistence when more formal tests give contrary re

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR007i006p01448

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fractional noise processes belong to a class of stochastic processes that lie outside the Brownian domain of attraction. They are characterized by infinite memories and a parameterhthat is the asymptotic slope of log (R/S) versus logN, whereRis the range of cumulative departures from the sample mean,sis the sample standard deviation, andNis the sample size. The parameterhmay be used to generate synthetic flows whose means, variances, skewnesses, lag one serial correlations, lag zero cross correlations, andhvalues are equal to those for historical flow sequences. Historical flow sequences yield values ofh≠ ½. Although Markovian processes, which belong to the Brownian domain, can preserve the values of the historical moments in the synthetic sequences, these processes generate sequences in whichhtends to the value ½ as the sequence lengths tend to infin

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR007i006p01460

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Use of multiple linear regression enabled prediction equations to be obtained for the flow of water leaving the River Murray in the Edward River 1‐12 days forward. The predictors, being flow readings at appropriate stations taken over the previous 5 days, are highly correlated and subject to error, so a direct application of regression may give unreliable results. Therefore the correlations between the predictors were investigated by principal component analyses to overcome these difficulties. A reduced number of new variates, approximating the principal components, were used that retained the relevant information, were nearly uncorrelated, and gave interpolation in time. The regression equations were tested for both heterogeneity and stability. The results indicate a fairly reliable forecasting scheme, but suggest that it should be updated at periodic interval

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR007i006p01469

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY