摘要:

Storage requirements for various levels of streamflow regulation in the 22 major regions of the contiguous United States are presented to supersede those given in Committee Print 32 of the Select Committee on National Water Resources, U. S. Senate. At high levels of development, the storage required to provide the desired flow in 95 and 98% of the years is substantially larger than that previously given. Carry‐over storage requirements based on probability routing of annual discharge are combined with seasonal storage requirements to give the revised storage requirements, which are then used to compute revised evaporation losses and revised cost estimates by the methods previously used. The maximum net flow that could be made available for the 22 regions for 98% of the years is shown to be 965 billion gallons per day (bgd) for which a storage capacity of 3.6 billion acre‐feet would be required. A net flow of 922 bgd could be made available with 2 billion acre‐feet of storage. Any increment of flow above the 922 bgd figure would have storage costs exceeding 10 cents per thousand gallons deli

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i003p00323

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Neither markets nor other institutional mechanisms exist on which to register the benefits and costs of alternative stream qualities or of alternative methods of achieving a given stream quality. It is therefore necessary to study such benefit and costs and to design special public policies to achieve desirable stream qualities in an economical way. The two most prominent methods of improving stream quality are waste treatment and low flow augmentation. Estimates are presented of the cost of achieving given stream qualities by various combinations of waste treatment and low flow augmentation. Data are taken from the authors' study of future water supply and demand in Maryland, but the conclusions are thought to be applicable throughout the humid eastern part of the United States. The main conclusion is that low flow augmentation is a less economical method of improving stream quality than about 90% waste removal by secondary treatment, or its equivalent in industrial process changes, at the point of waste generation. Alternative public policies for achieving improved stream qualities by economical methods are evaluated. A combination of effluent fees and enforcement is judged desirable. (Key words: Dams; economics; oxygen;quality of water; waste disposal).

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i003p00355

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There are certain trends in contemporary society that are generally accepted as facts. These trends include increasing population, increasing urbanization, and increasing industrialization. With these changes come increasing demands for water. Changes that allow for more efficient use of existing water supplies are inevitable.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i003p00365

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Average annual and seasonal runoff and daily mean discharges at selected flow durations of 137 watersheds in the northeast United States totaling less than 100 square miles were related to selected climatic, topographic, and land‐use variables. The most influential variables on annual and seasonal discharges, in descending order, were precipitation, percentage of watershed area in forest cover, elevation, latitude, July mean maximum temperature, and percentage of swamp. Isohyetal precipitation was more highly correlated with average annual runoff than precipitation values from stations closest to the watersheds. The degree of correlation of average annual runoff with average annual precipitation in nonmountainous physiographic units was related to the distance between the precipitation station and the center of the watershed. The proportion of forest cover was correlated positively with runoff, its influence very likely integrating a number of environmental factors that would tend to produce greater runof

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i003p00371

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The unit‐source watershed is an intermediate step between plots, in which certain runoff generative processes can be isolated, and large watersheds, the yields of which are controlled by the hydraulics of their complex channel systems. Several unit‐source watersheds have been instrumented within the Walnut Gulch experimental watershed in southeastern Arizona. Their comparative data indicate some basic hydrologic relationships between net runoff and size of drainage area, the significance of storm patterns, the relation of runoff and sediment yield to vegetational cover, and hydrograph characterist

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i003p00381

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The partial differential momentum and continuity equations governing two‐dimensional overland flow on a plane surface with vertical inflow are developed and normalized.Using extensive data from the literature on such subjects as rainfall, topographic characteristics, and unsteady overland flow, the individual terms in these normalized equations are compared on an order‐of‐magnitude basis. This comparison results in a systematic and justifiable simplification in the equations and thus in the similarity criteria given by heir coefficients. The criteria obtained are realizable over a limited, but significant, range of prototype rainfalls and land

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i003p00393

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The rainfall‐runoff relationships on several impervious urban drainage areas varying in size from about 0.4 to 1.0 acre were investigated. The effective storm pattern, divided into a sequence of 1‐minute inputs, provided the basis for generation of a corresponding sequence of runoff outputs, which were combined to produce the total runoff hydrograph. The basic output is a unit hydrograph resulting from an effective rainfall input of 1 minute's duration. (Key words: Runoff; unit hydrographs; urban ar

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i003p00405

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Radar applications for measurement of areal precipitation are reviewed. Radars with a beam width of 2° or less and a wavelength of 10 cm should provide improved measurements of areal rainfall and more timely and comprehensive rainfall reports. However, substantial realization of radar's potential in operational hydrology requires further examination of the correspondence between radar and rain gage data, refinement of communicating and computer‐processing techniques for radar data, and development of means for measuring precipitation echoes in the presence of terrain echoes. (Key words: Rainfall; instruments, rad

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i003p00413

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Techniques of linear analysis are used to study urban and rural drainage basins as low‐pass filters. The frequency passband of the basin is determined in terms of its physical characteristics. This determination is used, in conjunction with the spectral representation of input rainfall, to investigate the necessary response characteristics of rainfall‐ and runoff‐measuring instruments. (Key words: Hydrologic systems; instruments; rainfall; strea

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i003p00427

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A bottomless evapotranspirometer, 10 feet in diameter, was developed for use in saturated organic soils and was tested under open bog conditions. Weekly water losses from two evapotranspirometers compared favorably with pan evaporation and with potential evapotranspiration calculated by climatological methods. Provided that they are constructed to reach slowly permeable peat types to minimize bottom seepage, these installations appear to be useful for measuring evapotranspiration to test the applicability of formulas based on climatological data or to measure on site the effects of water management. (Key words: Bogs; climate; evapotranspiration; instruments)

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR002i003p00437

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY