摘要:

This national study deals with the optimum allocation of land and water resources in 223 agricultural‐producing or land regions, 51 water supply regions, and 27 market regions of the United States. It analyzes these questions: Will the nation be able to meet its urban and industrial needs for water in the year 2000? Will these allocations require a smaller or redistributed use of water in agriculture? To what extent can land be substituted for irrigation water in attaining the nation's domestic and export food demands? From which crops and regions should water be diverted in attaining an efficient agriculture and in meeting non‐agricultural uses of water? The study is based on programing models of 3220 equations (including 1650 fixed bounds) and 5426 real variables in the framework of interregional competition and comparative advantage. It estimates the extent to which land could be substituted for water and vice versa in an efficient future use of resources. Jt indicates where and to what extent water should be reallocated among areas of agriculture and between agricultural, urban, and industrial uses. It analyzes the impacts of alternative futures on the demand for water. Alternatives examined are those of water prices, population levels, farming technology, export quantities, and agricultural policies. In general, the results show that, if agricultural and water development policies were changed over the future, the nation would not be faced with an overall water scarcity, and even surplus food producing capacity could exist with the use of less water for agricultural purpo

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i004p00777

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The derived demand function for water is the basis for forecasting water use in production. Substituting inputs in production is the key idea underlying derived demand functions for water. The form of the derivation is illustrated for certain types of substitutions in a steam electric generating plant. A linear method of approximating derived demand functions is discussed; references to previous studies in agriculture and petroleum refining are made. Several demand functions estimated in this way are then used to evaluate proposed investments in water resource regulation.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i004p00792

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Knowledge of demand functions for water and electricity provides a basis for forecasting water withdrawals, water consumption, and heat discharges to the water in electric power generation. The variables in these demand functions may be significantly affected by direct and indirect variations in policy. Forecasts of water withdrawals and consumption of water are made for alternative combinations of the variables in the demand functions and compared with the results of previous studies in which the demands for water were forecast as ‘requirements

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i004p00800

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Demand management through pricing is assessed as a means to control use and influence investment in water resources. In the assessment of various pricing policies, trade offs are considered: economic efficiency, investment information, administrative and transaction costs, equity, and political acceptability. On the basis of these trade offs, eight water resource areas are evaluated for their potential for improved pricing. Four areas in water resources show promise for using improved pricing policies: municipal water services, industrial and municipal sewerage, navigation, and flood damage reduction and shoreline protection. Four other areas for various reasons present serious problems: outdoor recreation, fish and wildlife habitat, irrigation, and hydroelectric power.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i004p00808

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A case study of a river system is presented in which development is to be planned according to national and regional objectives. A linear screening model for finding the best set of development alternatives from a national objective point of view is introduced and a brief discussion of methods for handling more than one objective in such models is presented. An analysis of the trade offs between the two objectives is demonstrated by using a constraint method. The transformation curve between net national income benefits from power and irrigation and regional equity as measured by deviation from an equal regional water distribution is shown.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i004p00826

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Multiple‐objective problems are ubiquitous in human affairs and are commonly attacked in a subjective way. Semops, a sequential multiobjective problem solving technique, allows the decision maker to trade off one objective versus another in an interactive manner. Semops cyclically uses a surrogate objective function based on goals and the decision maker's aspirations about achieving these goals. The algorithm, applied to a synthetic case study of regional water quality management, demonstrates that (1) a complex situation can be handled, (2) the individuality of the decision maker's preference structure is preserved, (3) the feasible alternatives do not need to be specified a priori, (4) the concept of a satisfactory solution rather than an optimum solution is more realistic in situations involving conflicting goal

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i004p00837

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ideas and concepts articulated extend the theory underlying the role of public investment, including investment in water resource development, in the process of regional economic growth. Hypotheses concerning interdependences among public investment impacts are investigated in the context of an industrial location model of regional growth. The analysis suggests that construction impacts as well as developmental impacts should be considered in the investment decision‐making process. Implications for the growth center strategy for regional development are also discusse

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i004p00851

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A computer simulation of the Potomac River basin system run under conditions projected for the year 2010 has been used to test the performance of three water supply systems proposed for the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. Two of the systems offered additional storage capacity on the Potomac River. These systems were found to meet average daily water withdrawal requirements. A third system, the minimum storage plan, offered no new storage capacity but was found feasible if used in conjunction with pumping from the Potomac River estuary and/or accepting drought adjustment. The minimum storage plan was the least costly system in real terms. However, the most costly reservoir systems are favored by local water planners, because most of the reservoir costs would be shared by the federal government. Although the real costs of the minimum storage plan are less than those of the reservoir plans, it is not favored, because none of the costs are borne by the federal government. This study illustrates the inefficiencies that can be generated by current cost‐sharing policie

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i004p00861

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The hot rainy season marked by local scattered thunderstorms from June to September is typical of most of the lower elevations of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan regions of south‐western North America. This rainy season is analyzed by using long‐term historical daily records to obtain insight concerning the underlying stochastic process. By using historical data from three scattered points in this region, we computed the discrete series of daily Bernoulli parameters and daily first‐order Markov transition probabilities. The hypothesis of sequential independence versus a first‐order Markov dependence hypothesis is tested by comparison of analytically derived distributions for dependent random variables generated by the nonstationary processes. These include wet and dry run lengths, occurrence of the first wet day in the season, number of runs per season, and total number of rainfall days per season. The comparative analysis of historical data indicates that (1) the Markov chain model is generally significantly superior to the Bernoulli model (which extends results of similar analyses by others from regions of largely frontal‐type storms) and (2) year‐to‐year variations in the process require additional probabilistic descriptions, indicated by annual variance in number of rain days and significant annual changes in autocorrelati

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i004p00871

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The attenuation by snow cover of natural gamma radiation emitted from the soil serves as an excellent index to the water equivalent of the snow cover. A small portable gamma ray detector was installed on a boom about 2 meters above the ground at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration‐Agricultural Research Service (ARS) cooperative snow study site at the ARS Sleepers River watershed near Danville, Vermont, for the 1970–1971 snow season. Comparison of gamma ray count rates with snow measurements taken at the site indicates that the small unshielded gage could be used to measure snow water equivalent (range 5–40 cm) with a standard error of 1.5 cm without preliminary editing of gamma ray count rates. A major source of this error was the deposition of radioactive aerosols on the snow surface by precipitation. The deviation of gamma ray count rates due to precipitation events is short‐lived, and a simple editing procedure on the count rate time trace reduced the snow season standard error to 1.1 cm. The edited count rate yielded 6% error in the 5‐ to 13‐cm water equivalent range, decreasing to 4% in the 25‐ to 40‐cm water equivalent range. This measurement method could be extremely valuable in providing unmanned measurement of snow water equivalents at r

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i004p00885

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY