ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050068908259557

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four views of human decision making are described, following Abelson&Levi (1985): the decision maker as corrigible rationalist (Edwards, 1954), as bounded rationalist (Simon, 1955), as error‐prone intuitive scientist (Tversky&Kahneman, 1974) and as slave to motivational forces (Janis&Mann, 1977). It is argued that both cognitive and motivational perspectives are important for an understanding of how people make major life choices. Cognitive and motivational factors are analysed in tracing age‐related changes during adolescence on nine indicators of competent decision making, namely choice, comprehension, creativity, compromise, consequentiality, correctness, credibility, consistency, and commitment. Cognitive and motivational factors are identified also in describing and evaluating the effectiveness of courses of instruction in decision making, such as the Gofer course for high school stude

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050068908259558

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Over recent years the cognitive behavioural approach to therapy has become important in the management and treatment of emotional dysfunction. However, the therapeutic efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy and the validity of its underlying assumptions have been called into question by recent research. The wide disparity between the theoretical base of cognitive behaviour therapy practitioners on the one hand, and their clinical strategies on the other, highlights the need for a more systematic approach to the treatment of emotional disorders and the development of related theories. Presented is an overview of the current status of cognitive behaviour therapy, theory and practice, drawing particular attention to the problems associated with the way in which cognitive behaviour therapy has developed historically. The problematic issues arising out of this developmental dilemma, such as paradigmatic uncertainty and the method of theory building, and their implications for the future development of cognitive behaviour therapy, are discussed.

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050068908259559

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Bulimia nervosa is a subject of increasing interest to health professionals and lay people alike. It can be characterised generally as a pattern of behaviour involving episodes of binge eating alternating with self‐induced vomiting or laxative abuse. This paper reviews current literature, considering its physical effects, its prevalence, and problems in its definition, diagnosis, and measurement. Models of its causation and current treatment strategies are reviewed. It appears that there is a need for further systematic research in the area. There is considerable disagreement regarding what bulimia nervosa is, how prevalent it is, how it should be assessed, what causes it, and how best to treat it. Whether bulimia is a single problem or a common behavioural outcome of a number of problems is also unclear. Directions for further research which might clarify these basic disagreements are suggeste

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050068908259560

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper described in detail 144 Australian women diagnosed bulimic using DS M‐III criteria. All subjects had been referred to the Eating Awareness Program at La Trobe University or had contacted the program following media interviews about the program. All subjects completed the Bulimia Test, and a questionnaire describing the history of the problem and prior attempts to overcome it. In addition, 90 subjects were offered treatment and completed a further battery of tests (e.g., other measures of bulimic symptomatology and general psychological adjustment) prior to undertaking therapy. The frequency of bulimic symptoms, such as binge eating, vomiting, laxative use, weight fluctuations, and crash dieting were reported. Duration and chronological development of these symptoms were described, as were self‐reported reasons for relapse. Most subjects stated they had previously discussed their eating problem with friends or relatives and helping professionals. Subjects' evaluations of these contacts were reported. Family history of eating and psychological problems were descri

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050068908259561

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent investigations have suggested that agoraphobia develops in response to stress. The present controlled study was undertaken in order to evaluate the assertion that psychosocial and/or physical stressors precede the development of agoraphobia with panic attacks. Data on life events, chronic stressors, and physiological distrubances were collected from 51 agoraphobics with panic attacks who had had the disorder for between 1 and 5 years. The life event data was then compared with matched controls drawn from doctors' surgeries. Agoraphobics reported twice the number of life events in the year prior to onset, and significantly more life events in six areas including threats to primary relationships, health, and financial security. Agoraphobia generally developed in a climate of chronic stress extending across many areas of life, with the onset of panic attacks often preceded by a deterioration in health. Despite these stresses, the vast majority of sufferers reported being “totally baffled” by the onset of the disorder. The significance of these events for the development of agoraphobia is discussed with reference to personality and individual differen

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050068908259562

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes an exploratory investigation of Endler's person X situation model of trait anxiety using multidimensional scaling and related methods. The aim was to discover whether individual differences in “situation‐specific” trait anxiety were related to differences in the way individuals cognitively represent significant life events. Thirty‐four respondents provided brief descriptions of important personal experiences. These events were used as items in a pair‐wise matching task to generate individual multidimensional scaling (MDS) solutions, and descriptive constructs for event similarity and dissimilarity. The dimensions and descriptors emerging from these analyses were correlated with five dimensions of trait anxiety, interpersonal, physical danger, ambiguous/novel, daily routines, and death. The findings provided some limited evidence for concordance between situation‐specific traits and cognitive organisation. The ambiguous and physical danger scales were associated with affective organisation. Daily routines anxiety was associated with the salience of perceived control. Death anxiety was associated with temporal organisation. However, the amounts of explained variance in these relationships were modest, and there was evidence of confounds, particularly between ambiguous trait anxiety and the physical danger and interpersonal scales. It is suggested that refinement of the methods used here could provide an avenue for further exploring relationships between person‐situation traits and information processi

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050068908259563

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study examined the explanations for unemployment among a community sample of 300 adult Australians. In line with a recent British study (Furnham, 1982), explanations were found to be multidimensional. The following dimensions were identified: (negative) individualistic or “blame the victim”, societal (inefficiency), societal (government policy) and fatalistic explanations. Not surprisingly, results showed that those who had at some stage received unemployment benefits were less likely to endorse individualistic explanations (t□ 2.04,df□ 298,p<.04), and more likely to endorse societal explanations. Other demographic correlates of these explanations are noted and the results discussed with reference to previous r

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050068908259564

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Because public opinion is substantially influenced by the media, a content analysis was conducted of newspaper reports of the use of hypnosis in criminal investigation. Analysis focused on the quantitative and qualitative information in reports about particular cases in terms of the location of the crime, year of the crime, type of crime, status of the subject, status of the hypnotist, and the value of hypnosis; analysis also focused on the information in commentary reports in terms of the professional, investigative, legal, and scientific issues that were discussed. Overall, the newspaper reports conveyed a relatively enthusiastic endorsement of the use of hypnosis in criminal investigation, and did not sufficiently recognise the potential difficulties involved. The research is discussed in terms of the bidirectional influence of media reports and public opinion, and in terms of the role that the media could play in helping to address substantive issues surrounding forensic hypnosis.

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050068908259565

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A programme to develop more positive attitudes among primary school students towards peers with disabilities was evaluated in two schools; one which included children with disabilities and another which did not. In each school 30 fourth‐grade students were randomly allocated to an experimental or control group. The attitude change programme presented to the experimental groups during four social studies periods comprised controlled vicarious contact with peers with disabilities, disability simulations, and success oriented group experiences. The Peer Attitudes Toward the Handicapped Scale was used as the dependent variable measure. This was administered to all students as a pretest, an immediate post‐test, and a three months delayed post‐test. for both post‐tests the experimental groups displayed significantly more positive attitudes on the physical and learning subscales and the total scale. Students in the school which included peers with disabilities generally indicated the more positive at

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050068908259566

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY