摘要:

The idea that sensory stimulation might be employed to “arouse” people in coma is rather intuitive. It is also, unfortunately, an idea without either theoretical or practical merit Despite this, the techniques of “coma arousal” through sensory stimulation are currently taught as a means of bringing children and adults out of coma. This paper examines the theoretical basis of coma as a neuropsychological state, reviews the prognostic indicators for recovery, and considers the scientific evidence for coma arousal. It is concluded that, on the basis of current understanding, the use of coma arousal techniques cannot be ju

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257582

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Despite the reports that as many as 15% of Australian children are in need of psychological help, only a small proportion, estimated to be as little as 2%, receive treatment by appropriately trained professionals. It appears that this situation has resulted from several factors. In comparison to funds allocated to other aspects of health care (e.g., maintaining hospital beds) substantially less is spent on psychological services. of this limited funding, a disproportionate amount is allocated to adult rather than child services. Consequently, there are limited resources in terms of facilities and personnel to deal with children's needs. As well, the community is generally not aware of what services are available. This is further complicated by the tendency of the public to seek help for psychological problems from general medical practitioners rather than appropriately trained professionals, which is reinforced by the policy of the Australian Government to disallow psychologists from participating in the health rebate system. The situation is further complicated by the relative scarcity of adequately designed child psychotherapy outcome studies. Considering the needs of Australian children in a climate of restricted resources, a substantial argument can be made for the wider use of brief psychotherapies. Evidence from the literature indicates that brief approaches are not only effective, they are also economical and often the client's therapy of choice.

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257583

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A survey of 3,197 psychologists, most of them listed in theAustralian Psychological Society 1987 Directory of Members, was conducted to ascertain interests and activities in the health psychology and/or behavioural medicine subfield. A total of 321 individuals responded within the requested time, constituting 10% of those surveyed. Most of the respondents indicated membership in the Australian Psychological Society (88%), and two‐thirds indicated holding a masters degree or higher. Approximately 60% of the sample are employed in either private practice or departments of psychology in universities or colleges, and substantial numbers of these individuals hold positions in both settings. Areas of considerable interest to either researchers or practitioners in the field included stress and pain. Reported publication and grant activity were both notable, with 43% of the sample reporting some publications and 19% reporting active research grants. These data are consistent with the impressions of recent commentators on the state of health psychology/behavioural medicine in Australia, that this is an active and substantial subdiscipline of psychology, apparently itself in good healt

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257584

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Over the past two decades, health psychology has become increasingly recognised around the world as a subdiscipline in its own right. Rather than representing merely another division in psychology however, it has provided a focal point for psychologists from other branches of the discipline, particularly those from social, physiological, and clinical psychology. The early health psychologists were primarily researchers who turned their skills to the problems of health‐compromising behaviours and health care systems. Although this research emphasis has continued, increasingly clinical psychology practitioners have become involved in physical health care and rehabilitation settings. With the increasing realisation in many countries that currently available training programs do not provide adequate preparation for these developments, appropriate training standards have become the subject of considerable local and international debate. Although health psychology training in Australia lags behind that in both North America and Europe, it may benefit by taking the best from the models developed on those continents. An optimal training model for Australian health psychology may integrate at the doctoral level thorough professional training with expert research skill

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257585

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Clinician interpersonal skills in interaction with patients are broadly conceptualised as having task (instrumental) and socioemotional (affective) dimensions. There has been, however, inconsistency in the assignation of specific skills to these dimensions, and lack of information on how patients perceive these dimensions. Ninety‐eight patients, who were being given instruction in the use of contact lenses, filled in a 27‐item questionnaire on clinician skills and patient perception of clinician qualities such as empathy. Factor analysis indicated three dimensions of patient response. The first was a socioemotional factor, reflecting skills such as questioning which encourages patient participation. The other two factors were a task factor (directive information‐giving) and a factor indicating clinician ease in the intera

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257586

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper contains a proposition that there is a “salutogenic” role for counselling psychologists in community health, and that such a role is consistent with the educational focus of their work. A salutogenic orientation is suggested as a basis for theory, a report on research in progress by the author is offered, and some suggestions are made for research and practice in community hea

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257587

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Adult‐onset diabetes (Type II, or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus) is a disease which affects about 2% of adult Australians and which causes a range of health problems, particularly of the cardiovascular system. Important aspects of the management of this disease can be better understood through the application of concepts familiar to practicing psychologists. We describe the nature and the extent of this disease in Australia, the health problems associated with it, and approaches to its management. Body‐weight, blood‐sugar and blood‐fat control are the key elements of the management of Type II diabetes, and exercise has an important role in each of these areas. Problems of adherence to lifestyle change among Type II diabetes sufferers, with a particular focus on exercise, are considered. Marlatt and Gordon's relapse‐prevention model is used to show how a social‐learning theoretical perspective may help to understand the problems of adherence to lifestyle change which are faced by Type H diabetes sufferers. We suggest some guidelines for practitioners on the application of these facts and ideas to work with diabe

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257588

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recently, the attitudes held by Australians towards tobacco company advertising and sponsorship have become the focus of much public discussion and the concern of psychological researchers and opinion pollsters. Community attitude surveys have been commissioned by both supporters and opponents of the tobacco industry. Paradoxically, the data obtained from these surveys allow each protagonist to state that the majority of Australians agree with their viewpointThe present authors have identified several sources of possible bias in two surveys as causes of contradictory research findings. A questionnaire was designed which attempted to reduce the sources of bias and which incorporated other methodological refinements. The data obtained highlight how the form of the questions may substantially influence responses in attitude surveys.

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257589

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated the deterrent effectiveness of cigarette health warnings within a “protection motivation” framework. According to protection motivation theory, the motivation to protect oneself from a health threat is based on four beliefs: (a) the threat is severe, (b) one is personally vulnerable to the threat, (c) the efficacy of a recommended coping response, and (d) one is able to perform the response needed to reduce the threat. These cognitive processes mediate the persuasive effects of a fear appeal by arousing protection motivation, an intervening variable that arouses, sustains, and directs activity to protect the self from danger. In the present study, regular smokers' intentions to give up smoking were investigated in a factorial experiment involving the perceived severity of specified health threats, their probability of occurrence, and self‐efficacy. A total of 109 current smokers (49 males, 60 females) participated in the study. The results corroborate past findings that self‐efficacy may be a crucial factor in the way smokers react to cigarette health warnings (smoking causes lung cancer, smoking damages your lungs, smoking causes heart disease, smoking reduces your fitness), but only in interaction with the expectancy of occurrence variable. Path analysis was carried out to examine both direct and indirect effects of the health warnings on the study's criterion variables. None of the study's predictor variables were found to be associated with differences in reported cigarette consumption. These findings were discussed within the mass communication model of health behaviour as applied to

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257590

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The extent of criminal victimisation of individuals with an intellectual disability was compared to the nondisabled population. The results indicated significantly higher levels of victimisation in regard to both personal and property offences. Victimisation rates varied between organisations that provided services to individuals with different levels of disability. The mildly‐moderately disabled clients of one organisation were particularly susceptible to both personal and property crimes. The organisation dealing with the more severely disabled cohort was faced with very high personal victimisation rates, but relatively low property victimisation rates. In addition, risk of victimisation varied with residential situation, the greatest risk experienced when living alone or with other disabled individuals. Examination of the extent of crime reporting indicated that while police were likely to become aware of the crime, it was unlikely to be the disabled victim who did the reportin

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257591

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY