摘要:

While skills‐based approaches to basic counselling training dominate the field, they have been criticised on four counts: (a) lack of evidence as to effectiveness in improving interview performance, (b) lack of evidence of skills retention and transfer, (c) failure to take into account trainees' individual differences in counselling aptitude, and (d) failure to take into account trainees' underlying cognitive structures and processes. A review of the literature suggests that the first two criticisms can be rejected and that there is insufficient empirical evidence at present to support the other two. Some guidelines for counselling skills training are suggeste

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069408257328

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

For many years researchers have relied on the retrospective reports of adult panickers for information about panic in children and adolescents. However, over the past decade a number of studies have directly assessed panic in children and adolescents. Our review of normative and clinical studies shows important developmental differences in the prevalence of panic attacks and panic disorder. Consistent with these findings, some researchers have questioned whether children have the cognitive capacity to experience true, spontaneous panic attacks. Methodological issues associated with the study of panic in children and adolescents are briefly discussed.

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069408257329

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this article is to evaluate the validity of two depression diagnoses: the existing DSM‐III‐R diagnosis of Organic Mood Disorder, Depressed (OMD‐D) and its proposed replacement in DSM‐IV, Secondary Mood Disorder Due to a Nonpsychiatric Medical Condition, with Major Depressive Episode (SMD‐MDE). The stated criteria for making the diagnoses are evaluated against conceptual criteria, especially whether reliable judgments concerning diagnostic criteria can be made. The proposed elimination of the diagnosis OMD‐D is supported on the grounds that the distinction between organic and nonorganic conditions is unsustainable and on the grounds that a diagnosis of OMD‐D must be unreliable. The proposed replacement diagnosis of SMD‐MDE is not supported. This replacement diagnosis can be no more reliable than OMD‐D. Revisions to the diagnostic system should aim to increase the reliability of diagnosis by emphasising behaviourally anchored syndrome characteristics rather than emphasising aetiological hypotheses, certainly until such time as the aetiologies of the defined sy

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069408257330

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The main purpose of this clinical discussion is to illustrate and describe some of the barriers that arise when attempting to implement group cognitive‐behaviour therapy (CBT) in a spinal cord injury (SCI) hospital‐ward context. Difficulties encountered included patient characteristics, denial, avoidance, schedule conflicts, difficulties in group formation, and erratic attendance due to patient illness. Despite the pragmatic and motivational problems experienced in implementing group CBT for newly injured SCI persons, on completion of the program, the majority of SCI persons were very positive about the program and recommended it be introduced as a routine component of hospital rehabilitation. However, it is important that health professionals such as psychologists be aware of the difficulties involved in implementing group therapy in such a population. Suggestions are made on how to overcome some of the difficulties encounte

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069408257331

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Child Behaviour Checklist scores for 7‐, 12‐, and 15‐year‐olds from a two‐stage cluster sample of Melbourne schoolchildren were compared with U.S. 1991 norms and with children from Sydney. This study was prompted by a previous finding that Sydney parents rated children substantially higher on behaviour problems compared with U.S. norms. Response rates in Melbourne parents varied from 30–60% for the different age groups with 7‐year‐olds having the highest response rate. The Melbourne 7‐year‐olds' mean problem scores were not significantly different from the U.S. norms. The 12‐ and 15‐year‐olds' scores were slightly lower than U.S. norms. No significant differences were found for the total competence score except for the 7‐year‐old boys, who scored lower than the U.S. norms. In contrast, both the Melbourne and U.S. samples scored significantly lower than Sydney on the problem scores and the younger Sydney children scored significantly higher than Melbourne 7‐year‐olds on the competence score. Due to the modest response rates, especially for the older children, the low scores need to be interpreted with caution and should not be interpreted as Australian normative data. The differences between Melbourne and Sydney scores could not be fully explained, however, by differences in sample selection or SES distribution. Despite the restrictions of this study, these results suggest there is additional support for the view that the U.S. normative data may be appropriate

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069408257332

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationships between duration of attendance at early childhood education facilities and measures of intelligence, reading comprehension, mathematical reasoning, and school ability up to the age of 13 years were studied in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. Before adjustment for confounding factors, children who had attended early education facilities for more than two years scored from .33 to .80SDs higher on tests of cognitive ability and school achievement than children who did not attend early education. However, after adjustment for confounding factors, including parental education levels, socioeconomic status, family size, child ethnicity, infant feeding methods, early mother‐child interaction, and the child's birthweight, these differences reduced to between .13 and .47SDs. Nonetheless, in all but one case, significant associations were found between duration of attendance at early childhood education and cognitive ability and school achievement after controlling for confounding factors. It is concluded that these findings are consistent with the view that attendance at early childhood education may be associated with subsequent improvement in school achievement with these associations persisting up to the age of 13 year

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069408257333

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Neuropsychological and psychosocial assessment of 58 Victorian and South Australian school‐aged children who sustained a closed head injury was carried out immediately postinjury and at 6 months follow‐up. for those children whose head injury was defined as mild (length of coma less than 1 hour) outcome on all variables was good at both time points. Children with moderate to severe injury (length of coma greater than 1 hour) had lower WISC‐R IQ scores at both time points and were particularly poor on reading and spelling measures. There was no improvement over time on the academic measures. Family and parental functioning was in the normative range and, although some children showed a clinical level of behaviour problems, there was no consistency in their clinical status over time nor across parent and teacher informants. Our results suggest that there are no particular concerns for the long‐term outcome of mildly head‐injured children but that cognitive and school learning problems for moderate to severely head‐injured children puts them at cont

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069408257334

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Many music students experience considerable anxiety when they perform. The present article describes a two‐session hypnotherapeutic approach combining relaxation, positive suggestion, and symbolic success imagery designed to reduce this performance anxiety. The subjects of the study were 40 second‐ and third‐year music students studying at a conservatorium of music who were paired on the basis of their Performance Anxiety Inventory scores. One member of each pair was allocated at random to an experimental group and the other to a control group. Further administrations of the Performance Anxiety Inventory (PAI) took place immediately after conclusion of the two‐session treatment and 6 months later. At the time of this follow‐up, subjects completed an anecdotal report providing information on their performance over the previous 6 months. Results indicate that the method is likely to assist musicians in the reduction of their sta

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069408257335

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

University students (N= 1485) completed the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) from Garner and Olmsted (1984) and a questionnaire designed to obtain physical and social background data. Although body mass indices (BMI) for females were lower than for males, females were more dissatisfied with their bodies and had higher drive for thinness than males across all categories of BMI. Even the most overweight (BMI>30) males were more satisfied with their bodies than the most underweight females. This subgroup (BMI = 16–17) had profiles which were most discrepant from the Garner and Olmsted EDI profile for anorexic females, that is, their scores on the subscales of drive for thinness, bulimia, body dissatisfaction, and ineffectiveness were lower than those found for females in all other categories of BMI. Results indicated that the eating attitudes of this sample of Australian university students were similar to those previously reported for American and British students. This study supports the view that sociocultural variables have aetiological significance in shaping female Australian university students' eating attitudes and behaviours. However, these variables alone do not appear sufficient to account for the development of an eating disorde

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069408257336

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Many adolescents are at risk of skin cancer later in life because they spend long periods outdoors, especially during summer. This study observed and surveyed adolescents (aged 15–20 years) at the beach in summer, to determine predictors of sun protection behaviour in a high‐risk situation. Adolescent attitudes toward tanning and beliefs about skin cancer formed the basis of questioning. It was found that most adolescents had inadequate levels of protection from the sun. Dark current tan levels and the reported intention to sunbake directly predicted low levels of sun protection cover. Further analyses showed indirect predictors of sun protection behaviour, including tan preferences, number of days spent on the beach over summer, and social norms. The results indicate that adolescents are not adequately modifying their behaviour to match the degree of risk to which they are exposing themselves. It appears that their behaviour is influenced by image‐related factors in ways which reduce their use of optimal sun prote

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069408257337

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY