摘要:

This paper examines several factors that affect the success or failure of social movements in producing social change. These factors include social movement organisation, mobilisation of resources, and protest ideology and tactics. Public opinion has an important mediating role in determining the success or failure of social movements. Reference is made to research on minority influence in social groups and to the kinds of tactics used and claims made by minorities to win resources and exert influence. Evidence is reviewed relating to the effectiveness of demonstrations in achieving changes in government policy and to the effectiveness of militant protest compared with peaceful demonstrations in producing change. Evidence is drawn from research on the impact of the peace movement, specific antiwar movements, and the antinuclear movement.

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069308258878

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated the extent to which parents and their children (in two age groups) agree about nuclear war issues. Three dimensions of agreement—actual agreement, perceived agreement, and accuracy of perception—were examined with respect to parents' knowledge of their children's views. Parents' and children's responses to 18 nuclear‐issues questions were factor analysed, producing five orthogonal factors: nuclear denial, nuclear awareness, political efficacy, belief in deterrence, and nuclear anxiety. Younger children showed significantly greater nuclear awareness (or concern), lower levels of denial, and higher levels of anxiety than their parents. Teenagers showed more concern about nuclear war than their parents and denied the threat to a lesser degree. Contrary to expectation, parents were more anxious about the threat than their teenage children and showed greater denial despite a comparable level of awareness. Parents accurately perceived their teenage children's responses for nuclear anxiety and political efficacy and their younger children's responses for nuclear denial, but in general, parents' perceptions of their children's responses were erroneous. The implications of these findings for peace education programs in schools is disc

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069308258879

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes a model for resolving interpersonal, intergroup, and international conflict and sets it into a theoretical and empirical context. The model aims for a cooperative process resulting in integrative solutions. The following stages, similar to social problem solving approaches, are described: developing expectations for win‐win solutions, identifying interests, brainstorming creative options, and combining options into win‐win solutions. Also discussed are objective criteria, alternatives to negotiated agreements, and methods for managing emotions. Research related to each stage and areas needing further work are no

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069308258880

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Seven waves of data on 300 families from a large‐scale longitudinal study were analysed to assess gender differences from infancy to 8 years of age. Parental ratings of temperament, behaviour, and development were available at each sampling point. Information from Maternal and Child Health nurses, primary school teachers and psychometric test data were also available. Analyses of each wave of data revealed few gender differences in infancy and the early toddler years. However, with increasing age, differences became more pronounced, always in the direction of greater difficultness in boys. Boys were more uncooperative, noncompliant, aggressive, and hyperactive than girls. They were also more prone to language delay and slower motor and social development. The results are interpreted as supporting a social learning theory of the development of antisocial and aggressive behaviour. The wide range of environmental influences which differentially reinforce or sanction aggression in boys, and the role of psychologists in encouraging changes in these processes, are discussed in the context of the promotion of a more peaceful worl

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069308258881

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study addressed an issue of current community concern about which there is little relevant research, namely the behavioural effects of viewing an aggressive cartoon and playing with the toys associated with it, in comparison to a neutral cartoon and toys. Sixty preschool children were observed in groups of five after viewing either an aggressive cartoon, a neutral cartoon, or no cartoon, when playing with each type of toy in turn. Levels of aggression were considerably higher when children played with the aggressive toys after watching the aggressive cartoon, than after exposure to the neutral cartoon and toys. The opposite trend occurred for prosocial behaviour. The effects of watching cross‐matched cartoons and toys (e.g., aggressive cartoon and neutral toys) were less clear‐cut, but still indicated negative effects of both aggressive cartoons and toys. Results are interpreted in terms of a cognitive information‐processing model, and the implications for the development of aggression, and for policy decisions on television programming and toy marketing, are exp

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069308258882

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Conflict resolution models have been widely advocated but less widely tested. Parent Effectiveness Training (PET; Gordon, 1975) and Youth Effectiveness Training (YET; Hall&Zener, 1979) incorporate a simple conflict resolution technique. PET has now received considerable empirical support (Cedar, 1985; Levant, 1983). Few studies, however, have used behavioural measures rather than questionnaires. The experimental subjects in the present study were 13 parent‐adolescent dyads who completed the appropriate Effectiveness Training program (PET/YET). Assessment of videorecorded interactions in a role‐play conflict situation showed significantly greater improvement in conflict resolution skills from pretraining to posttraining in the experimental group compared to the matched control group, for both parents and adolescents. No significant changes were found on the Parent Attitude Survey (Hereford, 1963), the FIRO‐B (Schutz, 1967), or the Self Esteem Inventory (Coopersmith, 1967). Methodological issues and possible flow‐on effects from children learning conflict resolution skills in the family are di

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069308258883

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study used a social‐cognitive model to examine the perceptions and beliefs of secondary‐school students in relation to aggressive behaviour. It also investigated the effectiveness of a 10‐week training program on dealing with conflict, designed to teach nonviolent conflict resolution strategies to upper‐secondary students. A peer‐rating and a conflict‐tactics scale were used to classify students as either high‐, medium‐, or low‐aggressive. The students perceptions, problem solving skills, and beliefs relating to aggression were tested before and after the training. The training group was compared with a control group to investigate any change in these cognitive mediators of aggression or in their self‐reported conflict tactics. There were significant differences found between high‐ and low‐aggressive students. High‐aggressive students were significantly more likely to choose a hostile goal than were low‐ and medium‐aggressive students. High‐aggressive students were significantly more likely to perceive aggression as a legitimate response. There were no other significant differences in the cognitive mediators found between the aggression groups. Gender differences in aggression were found, with males being more likely to report using physical violence. Analysis of the effectiveness of the dealing‐with‐conflict program revealed a decrease in both hostile perception of problems and hostile goal selection for the training group. After completing the program students reported a decreased use of physical violence, but no significant changes were found in the beliefs endorsing the use of aggression between

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069308258884

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:cooperative peace strategiesjohn davidson and marjorie tidman (eds.)i win you win: how to have fewer conflicts, better solutions and more satisfying relationships.living in the margins. racism, sexism and feminism in Australia. jan pettmandealing with conflictconflict resolution skills workshop (video)friendly kids friendly classrooms: teaching social skills and confidence in the classroom

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069308258885

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Empirical results from 47 concurrent Australian samples of 1,612 students‐in‐training and workers are presented that offer validation evidence for their obtained codes with Holland and ASCO 1983 Working Draft occupational types. The ASCO codes are the primary source for the Australian Edition of the Occupational Finder for use with the Self‐Directed Search. The methodology used the Iachan Index, which Holland has said is the most accurate technique to measure congruence between codes. Counsellors and employers should also be encouraged that there are very close matches between students‐in‐training and employed workers' profiles from the same discipline. The Career Decision‐Making System (CDM) was the instrument used in

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069308258886

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationships between self‐estimates of vocational interests and inventory scores have been the subject of research since 1941, but to date there has been no comprehensive review of that literature. Thirty‐seven articles relating to self‐evaluation of vocational interests were located in manual and computer searches of the psychological literature. The median values of 24 rank correlations (between self‐estimated and measured interests) derived from 11 idiographic studies ranged from .12 to .77. There was considerable variation in individuals' ability to estimate their own interests. A meta‐analytic procedure was used with 14 separate nomothetic studies (N= 4,282) reporting 316 product‐moment correlations. Correlations ranged from ‐.05 to .89 with a mean of .46 and around 99% were positive. Based on the Schmidt‐Hunter formulae, 13% of the observed variance was accountable for by reference to the expected variance and it was concluded that there were true differences in effect sizes across studies. Results indicated significant differences in the correlations depending on which inventory was used, but did not support any proposed influence of vocational interest areas. It is proposed that in the process of interest assessment, our questionnaires and inventories should be evaluated against

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069308258887

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY