ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1993.10484097

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Claiming that American intercollegiate athletics are amateur at the end of the 20th century is an anachronism, for colleges in the 19th century took on professional characteristics. The upper-class British concept of amateurism did not work effectively in a more egalitarian and achievement-oriented American society. Hypocrisy resulted when colleges claimed amateurism while accepting such professional practices as hiring professional coaches, allowing athletes to play summer baseball for money, and paying athletes through grants-in-aid. Attempts to preserve amateurism, such as the Graham Plan in the 1930s and the Sanity Code in the 1940s and 1950s, yielded to the professional spirit. Thus, while Americans had generally rejected the upper-class British social hierarchy that fostered amateurism, they retained the name amateur, continuing the hypocrisy that had begun in the previous century.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1993.10484098

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Grantland Rice (1880–1954), the legendary American sportswriter, gave over 50 years of his life to being a faithful watcher of the derring-do of others. Among the more stubborn issues he confronted was the amateur/professional distinction. He was not especially impressed with the idea or the consequence of institutionalizing this distinction. Instead, he consistently argued for universalizing an experiential definition of sport that was in spirit amateur-like but that was not contrary to professionalism. This spirit, what here is calledjust sport, depended upon the adjectival and the adverbial senses of the wordjust. Sport—no matter the version of it played—should be at once both fair (just) and only (just) sport. Consequently, whoever enters the sporting world is obligated to accept the restrictions of sport's inherent code of fair play and, by playing it so, perpetuates the idea of playing sport for sport's sake.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1993.10484099

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Amateurism at the Olympic Games is now little more than a memory. While it is a good thing that the end of amateurism is also the end of the hypocrisy of millionaire amateurs and illicit payments, the rejoicing should not be absolute. This paper argues that the definition ofamateuras one who is not paid, and the resulting war against payment of athletes masked a more interesting and more important notion of amateurism. Amateurism is presented as a form of motivation, the desire to perform or compete for the love of the game itself. The rewards for the amateur athlete comes from the internal goods of the game he or she plays. This account of the internal goods of a game can also be used to show why cheating is necessarily counterproductive and why payment may, but need not, be corrupting.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1993.10484100

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In this paper, amateurism and professionalism are treated as moral images, that is, as moral ideals whose point is to enliven and enrich our involvement in sport. Treating them as such enables one to assess their moral fitness as models of sporting conduct, an assessment made imperative by the apparent demise of the amateur ideal and the triumph of the professional ideal. That assessment is made more urgent because the eclipse of amateur sport by professional sport is a morally problematic development: While athletes are entitled to make a living off their athletic accomplishments, they are not entitled to turn sport into a commercial exploit, because doing so compromises and imperils the central goods that underpin and galvanize sport's practice.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1993.10484101

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The question of the relationship between amateurism and the essential nature of sport has long been the focus of significant debate within the sports studies literature. This commentary paper reflects critically upon the contributions to be found within four scholarly studies concerned with this issue—one historical, one largely journalistic, and two philosophical. Particular attention is paid to differentiations between those who participate in sports activities largely for the love of the game or other internal reasons and those who engage predominantly for external rewards. Following an extended analysis of points of both agreement and discord among the various authors, an exposition is presented of some important questions remaining to be addressed before the issue can be said to be resolved.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1993.10484102

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In this paper an argument for the proposition that emphasizing the pursuit of excellence in sport is discriminatory against women is presented. The argument is developed in three stages. First, a definition of“discrimination”is proposed and discussed. Second, the idea of sport as a quest for excellence is traced through various interpretations of the meaning of sport. Third, excellence is discussed as a socially constructed concept and phenomenon. The dominant social meaning of excellence as a supreme achievement is confronted with the gender consequences of emphasizing the pursuit of excellence in sport. The argument concludes that alongside the primary texts of the glories and triumphs of excellence runs a subtext of inequality and gender discrimination.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1993.10484103

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Assuming that ordinary people have lacked the background, ability, and will to make prudent lifestyle decisions, Sargent and other human services professionals pursued visions of the rational, regulated life. That so many professions have entertained the same visions is not a mere coincidence. A human capital model, with its assumptions and implicit rules, unites these professions and their delivery systems. After offering a critique of this model, a human development perspective is presented, its assumptions identified, and its life-enabling education sketched. All human services professions face the need for transformations; the question is, will they make them?

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1993.10484104

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Delphine Hanna was a pioneer in both disciplinary scholarship and the establishment of professional programs. In this paper I contend that we must follow her example if we are to survive in the 21st century. In the past half century we have evolved from a profession primarily associated with teaching to a group of subdisciplines and many different professions. We got where we are as we both reacted to criticism and conformed to university concepts of centrality. For optimal development of both the disciplines and professions of kinesiology/physical education, it is suggested that we must become a field that includes both the disciplines and professions. The field should reward the many different roles equally in the pursuit of its common goals. We learn from nature and history that working together is critical for survival. By working together, we can make kinesiology/physical education the renaissance field of the 21st century.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1993.10484105

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor