摘要:

Despite the well-documented and publicized benifits of participation in physical activity, recent research points to a declining involvement in physical activity with advancing age, This paper suggests that this decline may be attributable, in part, to the age grading of physical activity participation. A conceptual framework for understanding the age grading of human behavior is presente. Preliminary data are discussed that reveal that young people have clear, ageregulated social prescriptions about the exten to which people should be involved in physical activity as they grow older.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1981.10483748

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper develops specific recommendations for improving research that relates exercise and self-esteem. Investigators are encouraged to regard selfesteem as a multidimensional variable and to delimit research to more molecular aspects of self-conception. A review of selected research supports and illustrates recommendations made in this paper.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1981.10483749

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Experimental and clinical investigations of the effects of acute and chronic exercise on state anxiety or tension and depression are reviewed. Proposed explanations for the association of exercise with improved mood states are also discussed.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1981.10483750

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In recent years, physical education has provided the impetus for an increasing number of subspecialties. Among one of the more prominent health-related developments has been the growth of cardiac rehabilitation programs. The complexity of cardiovascular disease necessitates that exercise specialists are cognizant of both the psychological and physiological dilemma of the paticnt. Therefore, this paper provides an integrative review of literature perianing to the coronary-prone behavior pattern (type A). It presents a discussion of the behavioral predispositions associated with this action-emotion complex together with the physiological consequences and concomitant eardiovaseular risk observed in individuals identified as type A. Finally, a social learning framework is offered as an aid to the practitioner in understanding and influencing the modification of such behavior.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1981.10483751

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The association between vigorous exercise and certain aspects of mental health is well documented. Explanations for this relationship are not well understood, however, and recent developments in sport psychology suggest a renewed interest in health-related topics. Paradoxically, the more fundamental or prerequisite issue of exercise adherence has received little attention from a psychological perspective. Moreover, the research related to adherence has tended ro be atheoretical and unsystematic. The following discussion is designed to reinforce the significance of understanding influences on habitual exercise behavior and to characterize the nature of previous research in this area. An attempt is also made to provide some heuristic advantages which may facilitate future study of the exercise adherence question at both basic and applied levels.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1981.10483752

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper reviews the literature on retention and transfer of motor skills to determine what is currently known about these two topics and to apply this knowledge to sport and physical education environments. Within each topic, eight areas are identified as being particularly useful in bridging the gap between the laboratory and the world of the practitioner. In some of these areas, however, it is acknowledged that the present state of knowledge is less than adequate for making generalizations to applied settings. Therefore, more research is needed that is both theoretically and empirically based and from which practitioners can draw their technology.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1981.10483753

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper reviews the mental practice literature as well as more current research on the effect of specific mental preparation strategies on skilled performance. A synopsis of the mental practice literature indicated that mental practice was generally effective in enhancing performance. For maximum effectiveness, mental practice should be used in conjunction with physical practice and should not be thought of as a replacement for physical practice. The degree of effectiveness of mental practice is dependent on a number of variables, such as conceptualizing ability, previous experience, task type, and length of practice session. Recently, researchers have begun to study the effect of specific mental preparation on motor performance. Some of the more popular techniques include imagery, selfefficacy statements, attentional focus, preparatory arousal, and relaxation. In addition, several recent techniques such as stress innoculation training and visuomotor behavior rehearsal use a combination of the techniques. Although preliminary empirical research is encouraging, more controlled outcome studies are necessary to determine the effectiveness of these techniques in enhancing skilled performance.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1981.10483754

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper reviews the psychological and motor performance modeling literature to identify important factors involved in and affecting the modeling process as it relates to motor skill acquisition. Topics discussed include modeling theory, task specificity of modeling effects, the importance of symbolic coding, temporal spacing of demonstrations, social factors influencing modeling, and the role of modeling in reducing anxiety when unfamiliar motor activities are learned. Future research directions are discussed and implications for physical educators and coaches who employ modeling as an instructional technique are outlined.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1981.10483755

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Recent research on children's sport participation motives is examined to provide insight about potential sources of stress in organized youth sports. It is concluded that affiliation, skill development, success and status, excitement, and fitness represent the most important general motive factors for young athletes. A four-stage model of stress is outlined, extant empirical literature on stress in youth sports is briefly reviewed within this framework, and implications of these findings with regard to the stressfulness of athletic competition for children are discussed. It is proposed that future stress research in youth sports examine coach-player and parent-player interactions, the antecedents of competitive trait anxiety, other sources of stress in addition to performance-and success-related demands, and the role of participation motivation as a moderator variable in players' responses to various stressors. The need for research with younger children and participants in individual sports also is addressed.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1981.10483756

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In sport, the small group is represented by the team—a network of people who possess a collective identity, have a sense of shared purposes or objectives, use structured patterns of interaction and modes of communication, exhibit personal and task interdependence, and reciprocate interpersonal attraction. This paper discusses research pertaining to the small group in sport within a general systems framework comprised of inputs (personal and environmental factors), throughputs (group interaction and integration processes), and outputs (achievement factors and personal-social factors).

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1981.10483757

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor