ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1987.10483876

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Two perspectives on exercise physiology in contemporary biomedical research are presented. First, exercise represents a powerful tool for understanding physiology. The magnitude and gradation in physiological responses to exercise afford an opportunity for studying the range and control mechanisms in physiological systems under the diverse circumstances. Moreover, the exercise stimulus of training offers a means to study processes of physiological adaptation. Second, the science of physiology represents a powerful means for understanding the limits of human performance. The concepts, tools, and techniques of physiology allow performance-based exercise physiologists to contribute significantly to understanding and improving the limits of human performance. In contemporary biomedical science, there is a pronounced emphasis in the burgeoning area of molecular biology (molbiol). Molecular biologists have developed powerful tools for studying the regulation of essential cellular processes, such as gene expression. Consequently, within biomedical research there has been a deemphasis on classic organ-systems physiology. However, even in this milieu exercise physiologists will continue to contribute, for they are uniquely prepared to address important contemporary problems related to adaptation to environmental stressors, resistance to degenerative diseases, and expansion of the limits to human performance.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1987.10483877

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The growth in our understanding of sport behavior has been slow. Some leaders in sport psychology have called for the development of our own theories or conceptual frameworks, but these pleas have done little to advance our knowledge of sport behavior. This paper provides a brief description of the evolution to some of our current paradigms in sport psychology and explanations for why this growth may be slow. It then sketches some strategies for expanding our conceptual frameworks.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1987.10483878

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Early linkages between physical education, sociology, and sport sociology are set in the American 1960s context of increased focus on the discipline of physical education, expansion of higher education, and fragmentation of knowledge. In the last 20 years sport sociology has become a subfield of both physical education and sociology. Positivist and descriptive/sensitizing perspectives of the nature of knowledge—two paradigms used by sport sociologists—are compared and contrasted. In sociology there continues to be considerable debate between proponents of these two orientations, while in physical education the positivist tradition has been espoused almost exclusively. Much American social research is positivist in nature, and this, coupled with the strong physical education positivist tradition, has tended to guide sport sociologists in this direction. But interdisciplinary sport studies perspectives that have evolved out of the descriptive/sensitizing paradigm and draw on a wide range of the social sciences and humanities are currently becoming more popular in sociology and sport sociology. Sport sociology can make important broadening and humanizing contributions to physical education curricula, most of which are very technically and/or professionally oriented.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1987.10483879

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Physical education lacks a set of superordinate research questions to guide our crossdiscipline, and it also lacks an overarching mission and set of goals to guide our profession. It is contended here that clarifying the possibilities and limitations that exist in our society for provision of services by experts in exercise and sports could help us to clarify the mission and goals of our profession, and this in turn could facilitate the development of a set of vital, superordinate scholarly questions around which our crossdiscipline could coalesce. This enterprise requires scholarly investigation of sports and exercise in relation to the social contexts in which they are most frequently embedded—health, leisure, and education. Sociocultural inquiry is ideally suited to examine such phenomena, and therefore it is contended that sociocultural scholars are of crucial importance to the future of our field

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1987.10483880

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In the struggle to gain an understanding of ourselves, we have developed a variety of explanatory theories, models, and paradigms with methods of questing answers that have been considered appropriate to the theory, model, or paradigm. Behaviorists have sought to determine the nature of relationships by means of a basic cause-effect design. They assume that laws governing behavior exist and are discernible, that cause is fundamentally external in nature, and that empirical methodologies represent the best approach to the explanation of behavior within societies. Advocates of an alternative world view (antipositivism or interpretivism) adhere to the naturalistic conception of a human being as a rule-following agent. They assume that people are conscious social actors capable of controlling their behavior, and that human behavior originates in the individual's interpretation of reality. Their research methods are aimed at exploring the situations of the actor in order to work out how individuals arrived at the interpretations and created the actions they did. Both schools of researchers seem to be tackling the same issues, but those steeped in the behavioral sciences are questing for empirical generalizations while the interpretivists are analyzing conceptual properties and the meaning of each. Yet, it is not a blind allegiance to one specific world view and its concomitant methodologies that is important but an ability to think creatively and to have a sound conceptual base on which to build a world view. Methods are the tools of scholarship and should be adapted according to the nature of the questions, not unquestioningly applied.

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1987.10483881

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0033-6297    

DOI:10.1080/00336297.1987.10483882

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor